Due to rainfall and climatic conditions, Guilan province owns several bridges from past historical periods. The present study investigates the typology and recognition of factors affecting the formation of Safavid and Qajar historical bridges in Guilan province. The research seeks to answer the following questions; which factors have been effective in the formation of different types of Safavid...

Koi is one of the ornamental fish that lives in freshwater streams, lakes and lagoons. Geographical evolutionists believe that its origins from central Asia and Iran. The Koi Fish are benthivore. It was famous in the name of Magoi in the Old Persian Empire. The Japan and China have imported this fish from Persian Empire and started to cultivate them many years ago. The red and white koi fish ar...

European expeditionary groups who visited Iran in Safavid period wrote about various topics of Iran’s society in Safavid period and left reports as travel memoirs which later were considered seriously in reviews and studies of historians. Persian painting has always been a precise and appropriate tool for researchers and painters. Savafid painters also helped a lot in recognizing some par...

Managing Safavid court was mostly under the control of one of the four high-ranking Safavid officials called Īshīk Āghāsī Bāshī dīwān. This court official had several subordinates for managing court affairs and duties like holding court parties and assemblies, welcoming special guests and foreign ambassadors, managing harem, and protecting court. In this research, the roles and duties of this h...