The cell movements of gastrulation were analyzed in embryos of the spider Zygiella x-notata, using time-lapse video, cell tracing, and improved histology. Cells are internalized near the center of the germ disc in three distinct phases. First, cumulus mesenchyme cells ingress and migrate as a group beneath the superficial layer. Second, mass internalization through a blastopore yields a diffuse...

The caudal approach to the epidural space was first reported in 1901. Injection of steroids to treat low back pain was introduced in 1952. Caudal epidural steroid injection is a safe, effective technique when performed with appropriate care under fluoroscopic visualization. Caudal epidural injections are associated with inaccurate needle placement when performed blindly in a substantial number ...

AIM The aim of this study is to evaluate anesthesia and recovery profile in pediatric patients after inguinal hernia repair with caudal block or local wound infiltration. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this prospective interventional clinical study, the anesthesia and recovery profile was assessed in sixty pediatric patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Enrolled children were randomly assigned...

Objective: There has been no study evaluating sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration for the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) removal (MAC-LMA removal) in children whom caudal anesthesia was performed. The aim of this study is to determine the MAC-LMA removal of sevoflurane in children caudal anesthesia was performed. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six children undergoing elective urologic surgery...

Caudal epidural block is a commonly used technique for surgical anesthesia in children and chronic pain management in adults. It is performed by inserting a needle through the sacral hiatus to gain entrance into the sacral epidural space. Using conventional blind technique, the failure rate of caudal epidural block in adults is high even in experienced hands. This high failure rate could be att...

The detailed findings of canine intrarenal anatomy (collecting system and arteries) are presented. Ninety-five three-dimensional endocasts of the kidney collecting system together with the intrarenal arteries were prepared using standard injection-corrosion techniques and were studied. A single renal artery was observed in 88.4% of the casts. The renal artery divided into a dorsal and a ventral...

BACKGROUND Caudal and penile blocks are the most popular regional anesthetic techniques used in infants and children undergoing urological surgery. A recent report has suggested that penile venous pooling resulting from caudal blocks could affect surgical outcomes after hypospadias operations. OBJECTIVE The aim was to report our experience in patients with distal hypospadias undergoing repair...

INTRODUCTION Caudal block is now- a -days a commonly used procedure for pain management and regional anaesthesia. The optimum volume of drugs required to reach the appropriate level is needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this, we studied seventy-two human sacra and measured morphometrics like height of canal and transverse diameter. We utilized these measurements for volume estimation of sacral ...

The caudal genes in vertebrates as in invertebrates assume a posterior position along the anterior-posterior axis and they appear to regulate the expression of the Hox genes. The third chicken caudal gene, Cdx-C, was cloned. Extensive comparisons of the sequence of this protein to the other known members of this homeobox family has lead to the suggestion that vertebrate genomes contain three me...