results first needle placement without imaging resulted in blood return in 1/199 participants and positive epidurography in 179/199 (90%). minimal needle repositioning resulted in a positive epidurogram in the remaining 19 attempts. no intravascular injection patterns were observed. conclusions this compares favorably to published success rates of fluoroscopically-guided technique and was well ...

conclusions the results show that the analgesic and sedative effects were better when dexmedetomidine was added to bupivacaine than when fentanyl was added or bupivacaine alone was administered in the pediatric population studied here that underwent elective inguinal hernia repair. results a total of 61 patients were analyzed. the lowest pain scores were found in the bd group at all time points...

caudal regression syndrome (caudal dysplasia sequence) is a rare congenital malformation. it has a spectrum ranging from simple anal atresia to the absence of sacral, lumbar and possibly lower thoracic vertebrae and the most severe form called sirenomelia (mermaid syndrome). sirenomelia has a sole characteristic, which is the limbs fusion, with multiple internal structural abnormalities particu...

background: pain in infancy is a developmental process. due to the underdeveloped pain pathways in the spinal cord, the threshold of stimulation and sensation of pain is low at birth and has potential impacts on increasing the central effects of pain. primary trauma during infancy can cause long term changes in structure and function of pain pathways that continue until adulthood. lack of pain ...

paraschistura ilamensis , new species, is described from the tigris river drainage, iran. it is distinguished from other species of paraschistura in iran by a combination of the following characters: emarginate caudal fin, stout, deep and scaled body, deep caudal peduncle, 7-10 irregular and interrupted vertical pale brown bars on flanks, two obvious dark spots on the upper and lower caudal fin...

Abstract Objective: To evaluate and compare the analgesic effects of caudal epidural administration of lidocaine (LIDO), caudal laser radiation and epidural lidocaine plus laser radiation in horses. Study design: A blinded, randomized, prospective, experimental cross-over study. Animals: Five healthy horses, 15.7 +/- 4.9 years of age, weighing 240 +/- 37 kg. Methods: The...