background:modafinil, a non-amphetamine central nervous system stimulant, is a wakefulness-promoting agent indicated for use in shift work sleep disorder, narcolepsy, and obstructive sleep apnea. the trend in modafinil overexposure over a ten-year period and the population likely to experience a resulting clinical effect is evaluated. methods: using data from the american association of poison ...

A rare case of a mid brain venous angioma with obstructive hydrocephalus is described. A dilated draining vein from the lesion in the aqueduct as the cause of the hydrocephalus is highlighted, and interesting features of the pathology of venous angiomas and associated cavernous hemangioma are described. The management of this interesting condition is discussed.

since its first description of botulism toxicity in 1820s, specific formulations of botulinum neurotoxin (bont) have been introduced with different clinical benefits. however, there is increasing number of adverse events reported to food and drug administration. this report presents the case of 62-year-old woman with parkinson’s disease who received bont injections to treat painful spasticity i...

conclusions invasive treatment of dialysis patients for cvc related complications is effective and durable during mid-term follow up with no re-intervention, clinical episode of vte or death. cta is a reliable mean for the diagnosis of cvc related complications. methods this is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of dialysis patients treated for cvc-related complications an...

background and objectives: multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. this is due to migration of peripherally activated lymphocytes to central nervous system leading to inflammatory lesions. however, liver has an anti-inflammatory microenvironment. myelin expression in the liver of transgenic mice suppresses inflammatory lesions within central nervous system. ...

In the process of neuronal inflammation, an increased in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) from immune cells (leukocytes and macrophages), brain cells (microglia, astrocytes and neurons) and in hippocampus, amygdala occurs. Raise the level of cytokines result in reduced in production of molecules that are related to plasticity, especially BDNF, IGF-1 and VEGF. Microglia ...