Adjuvant properties of bacterial cell wall components like MPLA (monophosphoryl lipid A) are well described and have gained FDA approval for use in vaccines such as Cervarix. MPLA is the product of chemically modified lipooligosaccharide (LOS), altered to diminish toxic proinflammatory effects while retaining adequate immunogenicity. Despite the virtually unlimited number of potential sources a...

BACKGROUND In the UK, parental consent for the routine vaccination of 12-13 year olds schoolgirls against human papillomavirus (HPV) is recommended, although legally girls may be able to consent themselves. As part of a vaccine study conducted ahead of the National HPV Vaccine Programme we sought the views of school nurses on vaccinating girls who did not have parental consent. METHODS HPV va...

Late September saw the Michigan Senate approve two bills that will require girls in Michigan entering the sixth grade to be vaccinated against the two strains of the sexually transmitted virus human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause 70% of all cervical cancers. The two bills, if approved by the State Assembly, will mean that starting in the 2007–2008 school year, parents in Michigan will be the f...

We read the recent publication on the “Knowledge of Saudi female university students regarding cervical cancer and acceptance of the human papilloma virus vaccine (HPV)” by Al Sheikh et al.1 Cervical cancer is the third most common female cancer worldwide with an estimated incidence of 530,000, with 270,000 related deaths in 2012. Attributable fraction due to HPV infection was estimated to be 1...

In September 2008, the Department of Health in the United Kingdom started a national vaccination programme of human papillomavirus (HPV) in 12-13 year old schoolgirls. A catch-up programme for girls up to the age of 18 was simultaneously started. At that time, Jit and colleagues reported cost comparisons of the two available vaccines. Their cost threshold analysis showed that if the bivalent va...

1798 www.thelancet.com Vol 387 April 30, 2016 Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection. It aff ects 80% of the population, with the initial infection usually occurring between 15 and 24 years of age. Persistent infection with high-risk oncogenic HPV genotypes, primarily types 16 and 18, is the cause of almost all cervical cancers. HPV is also thought to cause...

The immunization of adolescent girls with the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, a bivalent Cervarix and a quadrivalent Gardasil, has been widely introduced to prevent uterine and cervical cancer (1). Since the regulatory approval of the first quadrivalent HPV vaccine in 2006 and later the bivalent HPV vaccine, as of 2011, about 120 million doses have been distributed worldwide (1). Since 20...

In this Chapter we will discuss the current status of the prophylactic HPV vaccination, the introduction of HPV prophylactic vaccination and its impact on the cervical cancer incidence and mortality, challenges of the HPV vaccination in the developing world, screening post vaccination and the secondgeneration HPV prophylactic vaccines, as well as, the development of new therapeutic vaccines and...

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) among sexually active couples. Its annual incidence is approximately 5.5 million. Overall, an estimated 75% of sexually active men and women have been exposed to HPV at some point in their lives. HPV-16 and -18 account for about 70% of cancers of the cervix, vagina and anus, and for about 30%-40...

Over recent years, human papillomavirus (HPV) has been shown to be a major risk factor for head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC), and particularly oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. 2 In 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer recognised HPV as a carcinogen associated with malignant transformation in this subset of head and neck cancers. It is now well established that HP...