The aim of this study is to investigate pre-service teacher’s cognitive load types (intrinsic load-IL, extraneous load-EL, and germane load-GL), academic achievements, and affective characteristics (attitude and self-efficacy) at two stages of experimental learning processes. The first and the second groups used explanatory instructional multimedia science simulations (EImms-1 and EImms-2), and...

Maintaining good cognitive function is important for successful aging, and it has been suggested recently that having and optimistic outlook may also be valuable. However few have studied the relationship between cognitive ability and dispositional optimism and pessimism in older age. It is unclear whether associations found previously between cognitive ability and pessimism in older age, are e...

The purpose of this study was to propose a new way of representing the structure of expectancy-value attitude and to investigate the implications of its representation. Expectancyvalue attitude was represented as a cognitive network of vertically and horizontally interconnected judgements about product attributes, using a structural equation modeling methodology. Results suggested that a struct...

Psychological group treatments, such as behavioral or cognitive-behavioral therapy, are generally effective interventions for social phobia. However, a substantial number of individuals discontinue these treatments prematurely. Participant attrition can threaten the validity of treatment outcome studies if attrition during therapy does not occur randomly. In order to examine this issue, we stud...

Attitudes about abortion have been studied in relation to many variables. This study seeks to discover the relationship between abortion attitudes and cognitive complexity. Cognitive complexity is a measure of an individual’s ability to see situations as multifaceted. Sixty-three unmarried and childless undergraduate females were given an attitude about abortion scale which included ten items a...

The consonance constraint-satisfaction model is applied to Machiavellianism self-concept effects in cognitive dissonance. Networks parameterized for low Machiavellian traits showed the usual dissonance effect, i. e., more attitude change after giving a counter-attitudinal speech than after not giving such a speech, whereas networks parameterized for high Machiavellian traits showed the reverse,...

The way that incidental affect impacts attitude change brought about by controlled processes has so far been examined when the incidental affective state is generated after dissonance state induction. We therefore investigated attitude change when the incidental mood occurs prior to dissonance state induction. We expected a negative mood to induce systematic processing, and a positive mood to i...

Background: Obsessive patients are distressed by intrusive thoughts, which are related to unreal threats. These patients feel that they are responsible for harming themselves and others. While controlling worry and meta-cognitive beliefs, the present study aimed at comparing the responsibility attitudes in obsessive compulsive patients with those in normal subjects to determine whether the diff...