BACKGROUND Complex regional pain syndrome is characterized by spontaneous or induced pain disproportionate in relation to the initial event and is accompanied by a variety of regional and motor disturbances, leading to a variety of clinical presentations. It is often associated with surgery and minor trauma. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Three mechanisms are postulated: changes secondary to post traumatic ...

Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS-1) is a clinical syndrome that affects one or more extremities and is characterised by persistent pain disproportionate to any inciting event, and at least one sign of autonomic dysfunction in the affected limb(s). The pathogenesis of this syndrome is poorly understood, but its onset is often precipitated by a physical injury, such as minor trauma, fr...

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) usually develops after a noxious event, but spontaneous onsets have been described in 3-11% of the cases. The existence of spontaneous-onset CRPS is highly debated and the aim of the present study was therefore to compare the phenotypic characteristics of CRPS patients with a spontaneous onset, with those of patients with a trauma-induced onset. Data of 537...

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is usually caused by a minor injury, and requires proper evaluation and multi-disciplinary treatment addressing the multifaceted pathological processes that evolve during its chronic course. Patient’s age, the nature of pathology, and mode of therapy influence the outcome of treatment. If at all possible, surgery, ice and cast applications should be avoided...

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) remains a challenging condition to diagnose and treat. There are few large-scale, randomized trials of pharmacologic agents, and most published studies are small, uncontrolled, or presented only in abstract form at meetings. The most commonly used agents, such as anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and opiates, have been found to be useful for other neuropath...

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) after an emergent or elective upper extremity surgery may complicate recovery, delay return to work, diminish health-related quality of life, and increase the likelihood of poor outcomes and/or litigation. CRPS after hand surgery is not uncommon and may complicate postoperative care. Early diagnosis and treatment of CRPS is critical for optimal patient outc...

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a highly painful, limb-confined condition, which arises usually after trauma. It is associated with a particularly poor quality of life, and large health-care and societal costs. The causes of CRPS remain unknown. The condition’s distinct combination of abnormalities includes limb-confined inflammation and tissue hypoxia, sympathetic dysregulation, small...

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a challenging neuropathic pain state, quite difficult to comprehend and treat. Its pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear and its treatment is difficult. Multiple factors play a role in the generation and maintenance of CRPS. A close interdisciplinary collaboration amongst the psychologist, physical and occupational therapists, neurologist and pain me...

The role of inflammatory mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CRPS is important and that makes it a target that must meet every day. Infliximab is a molecule that has been used in the management of CRPS and published case reports and two studies showing improvement in range of motion, differences in temperature and decrease pain persist even phenomena of peripheral and Central after a few months; ...

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a neuropathic pain disorder that is characterized by: 1) Severe pain beyond the area of injury; 2) Autonomic dysregulation; 3) Neuropathic edema; 4) A movement disorder, atrophy and dystrophy. It is most often caused by a fracture, soft-tissue injury or surgical procedure and is divided into Type I, in which no nerve lesion is identified (classic reflex ...