PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of test design (crowding) and age on visual acuity in a sample of young children. METHODS Vision was measured in 103 children aged between 4 and 9 years using five different visual acuity tests. The tests included three crowded tests: logMAR Crowded test, the Sonksen logMAR test, and the Crowded Kay Picture test, and two single optot...

Can people learn complex information without conscious awareness? Implicit learning-learning without awareness of what has been learned-has been the focus of intense investigation over the last 50 years. However, it remains controversial whether complex knowledge can be learned implicitly. In the research reported here, we addressed this challenge by asking participants to differentiate between...

Ion channels are proteins with a hole down their middle that control a vast range of biological function in health and disease. Selectivity is an important biological function determined by the open channel, which does not change conformation on the biological time scale. The challenge is to predict the function-the current of ions of different types and concentrations through a variety of chan...

We analyze a pair of diffusion equations which are derived in the infinite system-size limit from a microscopic, individual based, stochastic model. Deviations from the conventional Fickian picture are found which ultimately relate to the depletion of resources on which the particles rely. The macroscopic equations are studied both analytically and numerically, and are shown to yield anomalous ...

Unlike their model membrane counterparts, biological membranes are richly decorated with a heterogeneous assembly of membrane proteins. These proteins are so tightly packed that their excluded area interactions can alter the free energy landscape controlling the conformational transitions suffered by such proteins. For membrane channels, this effect can alter the critical membrane tension at wh...

When placed in a crowded environment, a semiflexible tube is forced to fold so as to make a more compact shape. One compact shape that often arises in nature is the tight helix, especially when the tube thickness is of comparable size to the tube length. In this paper we use an excluded volume effect to model the effects of crowding. This gives us a measure of compactness for configurations of ...

We study the effect of the crowded environments on the translocation of a polymer through a pore in a membrane. By systematically treating the entropic penalty due to crowding, we show that the translocation dynamics are significantly altered, leading to novel scaling behaviors of the translocation time. We also observe new and qualitatively different translocation regimes depending upon the ex...

Introduction Macromolecules are present as soluble species and/or structural arrays at total concentrations of up to several hundred grams per litre in essentially all physiological compartments. Although local composition varies widely between different systems, it is evident that most macromolecular reactions and processes in vivo—as opposed to typical experiments in vitro in which the total ...

Calcineurin is a Ser/Thr phosphatase that is important for key biological processes, including immune system activation. We previously identified a region in the intrinsically disordered regulatory domain of calcineurin that forms a critical amphipathic α-helix (the "distal helix") that is required for complete activation of calcineurin. This distal helix was shown to have a Tm close to that of...

Disk-shaped π-surfaces that stack to form columnar structures1 are prototypes of molecular-scale wires that have an insulating hydrocarbon sheath surrounding a conductive aromatic core.2 Typically, the strengths of the associations between the molecules, formed through contacts between aromatic surfaces, are weak. Previous schemes to modulate these strengths are based on metalligand interaction...