Accurate quantification of observed precipitation variability is required for a number of purposes. However, high quality data seldom exist because in reality many types of non-climatic factors can cause time series discontinuities which may hide the true climatic signal and patterns, and thus potentially bias the conclusions of climate and hydrological studies. We propose the direct sequential...

It has long been hypothesized that urban areas exert a direct influence on precipitation patterns in their immediate surroundings (Horton, 1921). Early studies focused on this influence through the use of point-observation comparisons of urban and rural areas to quantify the anthropogenic effects on precipitation (AEP) (Changnon Jr., 1968, Huff and Changnon Jr., 1973, Huff and Schickedanz, 1974...

We have developed an automated method for measuring high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in serum without prior separation, using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified enzymes and sulfated alpha-cyclodextrin. When cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase enzymes were modified with PEG, they showed selective catalytic activities towards lipoprotein fractions, with the reactivity increasin...

We separate and quantify the sources of uncertainty in projections of regional (∼ 2500 km) precipitation changes for the 21st century using the CMIP3 multi-model ensemble, allowing a direct comparison with a similar analysis for regional temperature changes. For decadal means of seasonal mean precipitation, internal variability is the dominant uncertainty for predictions of the first decade eve...

[1] Controls on interannual variations in water and energy balances of large river basins (10,000 km and greater) are evaluated in the framework of the semiempirical relation E=P 1⁄4 1⁄21þ ðR=PÞ n 1/n in which and E, P, and R are basin mean values of annual evaporation, precipitation, and surface net radiation, respectively, expressed as equivalent evaporative water flux, overbars denote long-t...

One of the most important issues in rangeland management is the estimation of carrying capacity. To estimate range production, we need to use a large number of sample plots to clip plants in a sampling scheme; therefore, due to vast area of rangelands and time and cost limitations, direct estimation of rangeland production by sampling plots is almost impossible. Since there is a strong relation...

Probability estimates of the future change of extreme precipitation events are usually based on a limited number of available global climate model (GCM) or regional climate model (RCM) simulations. Since floods are related to heavy precipitation events, this restricts the assessment of flood risks. In this study a relatively simple method has been developed to get a better description of the ra...

[1] The loss of relativistic electrons from the Earth’s radiation belts as a result of resonant interactions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (EMIC) waves has yet to be fully quantified, in part, due to the lack of global measurements of the wave distribution during individual storm events. Recent work has focused on augmenting direct wave measurements with proxy wave indicators. Here w...