A common finding across many cultures has been that religious people behave more prosocially than less (or non-) religious people. Numerous priming studies have demonstrated that the activation of religious concepts via implicit and explicit cues (e.g., 'God,' 'salvation,' among many others) increases prosociality in religious people. However, the factors underlying such findings are less clear...

Discipline is a concept that must be instilled from an early age. How to teach discipline children at the age of 3-6 years usually taught in simple things such as tidying up toys, accepting consequences for doing wrong or right, obeying guidance parents around, and others. Education aims train so can responsible realize if there are mistakes they have made. Reward punishment effective way child...

Evidence indicates that dopaminergic neurons in basal ganglia implement a form of temporal difference (TD) reinforcement learning. Yet, while phasic dopamine levels encode prediction errors of rewarding outcomes, the encoding of punishing outcomes is weaker and less precise. We posit that this asymmetry between reward and punishment reflects functional design. In order to test this hypothesis, ...

This study aims to determine how the learning outcomes of reward and punishment method, whether provision can improve discipline motivation students what forms are given. research uses a qualitative case approach. is located in MI Ihyauddiniyah, Kecik Village, Besuk District, Probolinggo Regency, East Java. Sources data obtained through observation interviews. The resource persons this amounted...

Unlike most species, humans cooperate extensively with group members who are not closely related to them, a pattern sustained in part by punishing non-cooperators and rewarding cooperators. Because internally cooperative groups prevail over less cooperative rival groups, it is thought that violent intergroup conflict played a key role in the evolution of human cooperation. Consequently, it is p...

Understanding how neural processes involved in punishing and rewarding others are altered by group membership and personality traits is critical in order to gain a better understanding of how socially important phenomena such as racial and group biases develop. Participants in an fMRI study (n = 48) gave rewards (money) or punishments (electroshocks) to in-group or out-group members. The result...