Informal empire is less a settled concept than vexing category. Scholars disagree on the complicity of individuals, extent government oversight, and even whether informal in fact imperial. I argue that best approached through lens paradox. It system with no centralized authority yet which gave Britain powerful role formation Latin America. relied continuing independence American nations comprom...

In the decade since 2008 global financial crisis, much of debate has been over whom to blame: reckless speculative finance or irresponsible (often low-income) borrowers. This essay takes up this set moral arguments about what poor can and should be able afford by examining subprime logics at a scale: empire. Predatory lending in heartland America development-oriented microcredit places such as ...

In the nineteenth century, Britain had intense political, economic, and cultural relations with Ottoman Empire: they were political allies during Crimean War; for several decades, British creditors ran economy via Public Debt Administration; many institutions, such as Imperial Museum, modeled after their counterparts. Given this interconnected history, essay argues that Empire could provide a r...

This article reviews the educational policies of Spain and England in their most emblematic colonies, Mexico and India, respectively, and compares them to those of the United States. Mexico and India share one important historical feature: both were colonies in which the native population greatly outnumbered European colonists and in which native cooperation was crucial to the colonial enterpri...

Rarely have the geographical boundaries of religious communities coincided with the borders of states. As a result believers have often found themselves having to cross state frontiers in order to fulfill spiritual needs, while states have worked to manage the complications, and to exploit the opportunities, presented by the international dimensions of different religious traditions. In light o...

One of the most memorable and unsettling works of historical fiction to appear in the last 15 years is Louis de Bernières’ Birds without Wings, which tells the stories of the inhabitants of Eskibahçe, a fictional village in the Ottoman Empire, in the years before, during and after the First World War. At times, the book makes for harrowing reading, especially the chapters that deal with the exp...

following the formation of the persian empire by cyrus the great and its extension by darius i, from indus river in india to nile in egypt, persian kings felt that there is a need to use an international language to be understandable by all nations of this great empire. this need was greater when they sent orders and messages to these different nations. when darius i defeated his enemies and su...

Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) can infect Argyranthemum and cause serious economic loss. Low temperature treatment combined with meristem culture has been applied to eradicate viroids from their hosts, but without success in eliminating CSVd from diseased Argyranthemum. The objectives of this work were to investigate (1) the effect of low temperature treatment combined with meristem culture ...