In seasonally breeding mammals, vernal reproductive development is not directly triggered by increases in day length, rather, an endogenous program of photorefractoriness to short winter days initiates spontaneous development in advance of spring. The transition to the reproductive phenotype is energetically demanding. How food availability in late winter and early spring impacts the onset and ...

Using a national survey data where the event of individual households being refused loans (credit rationed) by financial institutions -as well as the specific loans for which they were turned down -is observed directly, this study investigates both the role of relationships on credit rationing in the nineties and the differential role of relationships across credit rationing in various consumer...

BACKGROUND The publicly financed health service in Sweden has come under increasing pressure, forcing policy makers to consider restrictions. OBJECTIVE To describe different perceptions of rationing, in particular, what citizens themselves believe influences their acceptance of having to stand aside for others in a public health service. DESIGN Qualitative interviews, analysed by phenomenog...

BACKGROUND Financial constraints and other forces affecting health care in many countries have led to nurses implicitly limiting their care in some instances. In the absence of an accepted definition and theoretical framework of implicit rationing of nursing care, a framework and the Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care (BERNCA) instrument were developed. This instrument was used in the Sw...

To deal with severe drought when water supply is insufficient hedging rule, based on hedging rule curve, is proposed. In general, in discrete hedging rules, the rationing factors have changed from a zone to another zone at once. Accordingly, this paper is an attempt to improve the conventional hedging rule to control the changes of rationing factors. In this regard, the simulation model has emp...

BACKGROUND Food insecurity is a serious public health issue for Aboriginal people (First Nations [FN], Métis, and Inuit) living in Canada. Food security challenges faced by FN people are unique, especially for those living in remote and isolated communities. Conceptualizations of food insecurity by FN people are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of food...

Rationing in the UK National Health Service comes in many forms: there is choosing not to see something as a relative health problem in the first place; there are simple straight decisions not to fund treatments, investigations, preventive measures, etc because of lack of resources at that particular time; there is rationing by reasonable methods of priority setting at national and district lev...

Without denying the importance of asymmetric information, this article purports the view that credit rationing may also originate from a lender’s inability to classify loan applications into proper risk categories. Although particularly prominent when novel technologies or novel institutional arrangements arise, lack of appropriate categories may affect any request of money lending, making cred...

I n the past three years, expanding access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS has become a global objective and a national priority for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Large-scale treatment programs have been launched in countries spanning the continent from Lesotho to Ghana, paid for by domestic funds mobilized by African governments and by international donor contributions. Wh...

Perceptions of inequity and excess have given rise to a debate over whether policymakers should consider some form of rationing as a means of achieving a more just healthcare system. Three factors will be critical in determining whether the policies ultimately developed will be just and equitable. First, participants must grasp relevant facts involving the current distribution of healthcare ser...