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NICOLE GONTHIER, Lyon et ses pauvres au moyen-age (1350-1500), Lyons, Editions L'Hermes, 1978, 8vo, pp. 271, illus., F.5 1.00 (paperback). This study is inspired by a desire to reveal those who have been "hidden from history" using whatever documents are available for the period. Relying heavily on wills, church archives, and fiscal documents, Gonthier has skilfully reconstructed the changing m...

Articles by Gaston Wiet in the 1920s, M. Perlmann in 1942, and Donald Little in 1976 have encouraged the perception that the first century of the Mamluk period marked a turning-point in the history of Coptic conversion to Islam. According to Wiet in his article on the Copts in the Encyclopaedia of Islam: "The government of the Mamluks gave the coup de grâce to Christianity in Egypt," and he goe...

This article focuses on the presence of Genoese in Eastern Mediterranean, their settlement Constantinople and diplomatic commercial relations with Byzantines Ottomans context changes transformations that occurred during fourteenth fifteenth centuries. Establishing a semi-autonomous rule Pera/Constantinople late Byzantine period, became important settlers imperial city connecting it Black Sea Me...