introduction: neuropathic pain can be very difficult to treat and it is one of the important medical challenging about pain treatments. muscimol as a new agonist of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type a (gaba a ) have been introduced for pain management. thus, the present study was performed to evaluate the pain alleviating effect of intrathecal injection of different doses of muscimol as gab...

BACKGROUND The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for its role in cardiovascular control. It is demonstrated that about 20-30% of the VTA neurons are GABAergic though their role in cardiovascular control is not yet understood. This study is carried out to find the effects of GABA A and GABA B receptors on cardiovascular response of the VTA. METHODS Experiments were performed on uretha...

In the striatum many neurotransmitters including GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine, dopamine, nitric oxide and adenosine interact to regulate synaptic transmission. Dopamine release in the striatum is regulated by a number of pre- and postsynaptic receptors including adenosine. We have recently shown using isolated rat striatal slices, and the technique of fast cyclic voltammetry, that adenosine A...

20 We previously reported that gastric activity is controlled by a robust GABAA 21 receptor–mediated inhibition in the medial nucleus of the tractus solitarius (mNTS) 22 (Herman et al. 2009) and that μ-opioid receptor activation inhibits gastric tone by 23 suppression of this GABA signaling (Herman et al. 2010). These data raised two 24 questions: (1) whether any of this inhibition was due to t...

Antidepressant-like activity of T. kotschyanus has been recently reported by scientists but insufficient attention has ‎so far been devoted to T. kotschyanus, and there is a lack of information on the other neurobehavioral effects and ‎side effects of this species. In the current study, the anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and sedative-hypnotic, effects of ‎Thymus kotschyanus extract on male NMRI mic...

the aim of the present study was to investigate whether and by which mechanism; histamine can induce state-dependent retrieval of passive avoidance task. the pre-training or pre-test intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of histamine (20µg/mouse) impaired retrieval, when it was tested 24 h later. in the animals, which retrieval was impaired due to histamine pre-training administration, pre...

background and objective: host genetic factors such as cytokine gene polymorphisms as well as helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) infection have been found to be associated with gastric cancer risk . interleukin 1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in h. pylori-induced gastric inflammation. therefore, we analyzed the association between il-1β and il-1-rn polymorphisms and gastric cancer in per...

To determine whether fishes respond to menthol, Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes, goldfish Carassius auratus, and zebrafish Danio rerio were exposed to various types of menthol receptors agonists and the behavioral responses to these drugs were observed. Waterbone application of dl-menthol (0.5 mM) induced surgical anesthesia in 100% of medaka, 90% of goldfish, and 100% of zebrafish. The percent...

The effect of majonoside-R2 on morphine- and U-50,488H-induced antinociception was examined by the tail-pinch test in mice and compared with that of diazepam. Majonoside-R2 and diazepam inhibited the morphine- and U-50,488H-induced antinociception, and the actions were antagonized by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil and the GABA-gated CI- channel blocker picrotoxin. Diazepam bu...

Despite progress in pharmacological and surgical treatments of epilepsy, little is known about the processes that a healthy brain is rendered epileptic after seizure occurrence. Growing evidence supports the involvement of inflammatory processes, both the adaptive immunity and systemic inflammatory response, in induction of individual seizures as well as in the epileptogenesis. Clinical and exp...