Indonesia’s economic growth slowed modestly in 2001. That caused of response to the global economic slowdown, which reduced demand for the country’s export. Indonesia currently holds proven oil reserves of 5 billion barrels and has proven natural gas reserves of 92.5 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). Its is important to world energy markets and also holds a special position in international climate po...

More technology implies higher welfare. Therefore, it is individually rational to cooperate on technological development. It is not individually rational cooperate on greenhouse gas emission reduction. If technology cooperation only comes with cooperation on emission reduction, incentives to free ride on the emission reduction agreement are reduced. However, countries would prefer to cooperate ...

internationalization is a matter of committed decision-making that starts with export marketing, in which an organization tries to diagnose and use opportunities in target markets based on realistic evaluation of internal strengths and weaknesses with analysis of macro and microenvironments in order to gain presence in other countries. a developed model for export and international marketing of...

Export and the readiness to export constitute the first step of international marketing, which are affected by both internal and external factors of firms. One of the most important internal  factors is the presence of skilled personnel. The purpose of this study was to define the relationship between staff qualification and encouragment with the readiness level of Iranian pharmacuetical firms ...

Issue The ter m ”Dutch Disease” originally referred to the adverse effects of the large North Sea natural gas discoveries on the Dutch manufacturing sector and economic growth. Dutch Disease is now an economic term that refers to the general ef fects of a commodity export boom on an economy. The booming sector drives up the cost of labour and other non-tradable inputs, which makes other tradabl...

The extraction of hydrocarbons from shale formations using horizontal drilling with high volume hydraulic fracturing (unconventional shale gas and tight oil extraction), while derived from methods that have been used for decades, is a relatively new innovation that was introduced first in the United States and has more recently spread worldwide. Although this has led to the availability of new ...

Ethylene, abscisic acid, and cytokinins were tested for their ability to either induce or prevent the changes which occur in gas exchange characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rheinlands Ruhm) leaves during short-term soil flooding. Ethylene, which increases in the shoots of flooded plants, had no effect on stomatal conductance or photosynthetic capacity of drained plants...

the augmented gravity model was employed to determine iran's trading model and agricultural export directions in the case of cross section analysis in 2005 for 64 countries which are considered as iran's main export market. besides, another explanatory variable named trade conformity index (tci) was added to the model. this index was employed to identify iran's trading model. als...