INTRODUCTION Interstate natural gas pipelines are operated using sophisticated supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. These systems are used to monitor, control and analyze operations. Software which runs in conjunction with the basic SCADA system expands the usefulness of SCADA data to enhance reliability and efficiency of operations, improve customer service, and minimize u...

In the natural gas pipelines, so-called black powder is formed. It can take many forms, including wet tarred substance or fine dry powder. Black occurs in both newer and older pipelines. This disrupt distribution of either by interrupting to customer reducing quality products delivered customers. residue, damage operations that place transport such as reduced inspection accuracy, erosion contro...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether welding-related parkinsonism differs from idiopathic PD. BACKGROUND Welding is considered a cause of parkinsonism, but little information is available about the clinical features exhibited by patients or whether this is a distinct disorder. METHODS The authors performed a case-control study that compared the clinical features of 15 career welders, who were asc...

The present study has aimed to identify the perceptions of apprentice welders about physical, chemical, biological, and physiological risk factors to which they are exposed; identify types of occupational accidents involving apprentice welders; and report the development of a socioenvironmental education intervention as a tool for risk communication for apprentice welders. A quantitative study ...

BACKGROUND Spot welding is a type of resistance welding in which pieces of metals are pressed together and an electric current is passed through them. Spot welders are at risk of contact with some potentially hazardous agents but there are few studies about the respiratory effects of spot welding. AIMS Our objective was to study lung function and respiratory symptoms among spot welders and of...

Sir Humphry Davy witnessed the first chlorine hydrate crystallizing in 1811. Couple of century later his discovery, natural gas hydrates has begun to play an important role in energy business. From being a mere chemical curiosity, they have proven to be a nuisance for the natural gas industry. The problem of hydrate induced blockage in “wet gas” flow systems has been widely reported and became ...

Objectives-The cancer incidence among 2957 boiler welders was investigated. The subjects were registered electrical welders from 1942 to 1981. A subcohort of 606 stainless steel welders was studied separately. Methods-The investigation was a historical prospective cohort study based on a national registry. The loss of follow up was 4 9%. Results-There were 625 deaths (659 expected). There were ...

It is often the case that data used for the systems reliability assessment comes from more than one information source. Whether they are power plants at different geographical locations, gas transmission pipelines operating in different environment or power transmission networks deployed within various areas. Therefore, different operating conditions, varying maintenance programs and efficienci...