present therapeutic methods for PTSD are not efficient enough to reduce or disappear all the symptoms.several peripheral factors can affect developing and treating PTSD, such as human microbiota. There is a growing volume of evidence showing the effect of gut microbiota on brain and behaviour.PTSD is associated with an inflammatory state in blood, brain and cerebrospinal fluid.also, there is ev...

In this research, gut lengths and numerical occurrence of gut contents (NO%) of Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle and Nerophis ophidion were examined. The specimens were captured with beach seine net in different habitats (vegetated and sandy-vegetated etc.) at the coasts of Aegean Sea between 2006-and 2008. The zooplanktonic preys were mostly consumed by Syngnathus acus and Nerophis ophidion,...

Vertebrate 5'-located HoxD genes are expressed in the most caudal part of the digestive tract and their potential functions during gut development have been assessed by gene disruptions. We have inserted reporter lacZ sequences within the Hoxd-12 gene and analysed the morphology of the gut in these mice as well as in Hoxd-13 mutant animals. When homozygous, both mutations induce an important di...

Variability in plant chemistry has long been believed to suppress populations of insect herbivores by constraining herbivore resource selection behavior in ways that make herbivores more vulnerable to predation. The focus on behavior, however, overlooks the pervasive physiological effects of plant variability on herbivores. Here we propose the plant variability-gut acclimation hypothesis, which...