* The variability of branch-level hydraulic properties was assessed across 12 Scots pine populations covering a wide range of environmental conditions, including some of the southernmost populations of the species. The aims were to relate this variability to differences in climate, and to study the potential tradeoffs between traits. * Traits measured included wood density, radial growth, xylem...

Hydraulic bending roll system has become one of key equipments to control the exit strip shape in strip rolling mills. The hydraulic bending roll system of a hot rolling mill was researched and analyzed, and its mathematics models were founded in whole based on the action principle of some representative hydraulic components. At last, the hydraulic bending roll system was simulated with MATLAB ...

Measurement uncertainty is a key hindrance to the quanti_cation of water ~uxes at all scales of investigation[ Predictions of soil!water ~ux rely on accurate or representative measurements of hydraulic gradients and _eld! state hydraulic conductivity[ We quanti_ed the potential magnitude of errors associated with the parameters and variables used directly and indirectly within the DarcyÐBucking...

leakage in water distribution networks causes waste of water and economical losses. in this paper a new method is presented to calculate nodal and pipes leakage in water distribution systems using capabilities of epanet2.10 software. the method estimate the total water losses in the system based on iwa methodology using minimum night flow (mnf) measurements. recognising the pressure dependency ...

Since extraneous torque is the key factor to affect the accuracy of electro-hydraulic servo loading system, the forming mechanism of extraneous torque was discussed in this work. And then several design methods of loading system controller based on modern control theory were introduced, such as internal model control, Cerebella model articulation control and adaptive backstepping control.

Drought-induced xylem embolism is a key process closely related to plant mortality during extreme drought events. However, this process has been poorly investigated in crop species to date, despite the observed decline of crop productivity under extreme drought conditions. Interspecific variation in hydraulic traits has frequently been reported, but less is known about intraspecific variation i...

A car suspension incorporating a Lotus actuator and a TVR suspension/wheel unit is studied both experimentally and analytically. An emphasis is placed on hydraulic modelling using a series of transfer functions linking the hydraulic and suspension components. This is signi cantly aided by the use of a Moog 2000 programmable servo controller (PSC ) to equalize the extending and retracting ow gai...

For a quadruped robot with 12 active joints driven by linear hydraulic actuators, some important parameters, such as the oil flow of the hydraulic system and the needed maximum output force of each actuator, are hard to calculate precisely with kinematics and dynamics equations. The oil flow is mainly determined by the walking speed of the quadruped robot, but also influenced by the stride freq...

drain envelopes play significant roles in the performance of drainage systems due to theirreduction in letting sediments into the drainpipes and also because of an increase in thehydraulic conductivity of soil around the drainpipes. throughout the present research, theeffect of a one 1000 hour flow on dual envelopes consisting of geotextile as a means ofimproving the hydraulic gradient and rice...