The ray dynamics of optical cavities exhibits bifurcation points: special geometries at which trajectories switch abruptly between stable and unstable. A prominent example is the Fabry-Perot cavity with two planar mirrors, widely employed for broad-area semiconductor lasers. Such support lasing in a relatively small number transverse modes, laser highly susceptible to filamentation irregular pu...

humble status indicators for domestic and industrial appliances. However, in the last ten years, the emergence of blue and violet emitters from the development of GaN, AlGaN, and InGaN materials [1] and improvements in efficiencies have led to high brightness LEDs suitable for a range of indoor and outdoor applications [2]. These devices have a significant advantage compared to conventional lig...

Aside being a key nocturnal Agricultural pest, the two spotted cricket is an important source of protein for humans and livestock. While control is largely by synthetic pesticides, collection is majorly through hand picking and pouring of water into their burrows. In this study, we determined their phototactic response to LED and incandescent bulb light of different colours. An experiment was s...

On airport runways, blue light fixtures denote taxiways between the runway and the airport terminal. Blue optics transmit mostly short-wavelength radiation, which makes traditional incandescent lamps a poor choice of light source; the resulting fixture efficiency could be less than one percent. LEDs are replacing incandescent lamps in this application. But unlike incandescent sources, LEDs do n...

Potentiometric sensors are widely used in the construction of automatic and automated process control systems. In potentiometric sensors, resistance is output signal its magnitudes depend on magnitude input signal. voltage, current, digital code, angle rotation, displacement or other usually as practice, task simulating which coming from built-in sensor often appeared. An additional can be to s...