[1] With the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements (from both ground-based and satellite-based receivers), the number of available ionospheric measurements has dramatically increased. Total electron content (TEC) measurements from GPS instruments augment observations from more traditional ionospheric instruments like ionospheric sounders and Langmuir probes. This volume of ...

3 Dr Taba recounts: Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata (1839-1904) was convinced that the future progress of India depended on research in science and engineering. He envisaged an Institute where fundamental research in all branches of learning could be carried out. He constituted a Provisional Committee to plan the setting of the Institute and, on 31 December 1898, a draft text prepared by the Committe...

Organization metrics were originally developed to measure how densely convective clouds are arranged at mesoscales. In this work, we apply organization describe tropical synoptic scale activity. Such activity is identified by cloud-precipitation (hybrid) regimes defined 1-degree and 1-hourly resolution. Existing found perform inadequately for such regime aggregates because the large domain size...

T he tropical Atlantic Ocean is a region of significant meteorological and oceanographic interest in terms of atmospheric chemistry and mesoscale-to-synoptic dynamical and thermodynamical processes. Nonmaritime air masses from the African continent advect out over the Atlantic within easterly winds and waves, significantly impacting the meteorology and climate dynamics downstream into the Weste...

The ability to collect physical, chemical and biological observations across a wide range of altitudes is essential for an understanding of atmospheric processes across all length scales from global (Earth system modeling) through cyclonic (synoptic meteorology), all the way down to the mesoand micro-scale of localized phenomena. These are employed as boundary conditions or calibration targets ...