In Parkinson's disease (PD), alteration of dopamine- (DA-) dependent striatal functions and pulsatile stimulation of DA receptors caused by the discontinuous administration of levodopa (L-DOPA) lead to a complex cascade of events affecting the postsynaptic striatal neurons that might account for the appearance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Experimental models of LID have been widely used ...

Abstract: ِIntroduction: The effect of morphine dependency on learning and spatial memory is controversial. So in this study effect of co-administeration of nitric oxide (NO) and morphine in CA3 of hippocampus on learning and spatial memory in morphine dependent rats was investigated. Methods: After anaesthetization of male rats, cannulae implanted bilaterally in CA3 of hippocampus. After reco...

Constitutional law changes, even though the Constitution remains the same. American abortion law aptly illustrates this point. Although the text of the Fourteenth Amendment has remained constant since the United States Supreme Court decided Roe v. Wade [FN1] in 1973, the Court has altered its position on the constitutionality of restrictive abortion statutes. According to Roe, the Due Process C...

abstract   introduction: neurodegeneration change is one of the hallmark symptoms of which alzheimer’s disease (ad) can be modeled by β-amyloid injection into specific regions of brain. (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) is a potent antioxidant agent that its role against oxidative stress and inflammation has been shown in prior studies. in the present study, we have wanted to determine whet...

Background and Objective: Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease with selective damage of dopaminergic neurons of the mesencephalon. L-dihydroxyphenylamine (L-DOPA) therapy is currently the gold standard maneuver for PD. Due to the protective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effect of sesamin, this study was undertaken to assess dose-dependent effect of this age...

A B S T R A C T Introduction: Mercury is the second most metal pollutant in the world and has the potential to induce many pathologic conditions, especially in nervous system, such as depression. Here we tried to find out if nitric oxide has any possible role in the pathophysiology of depression induced by this metal. Although the role of nitric oxide has been shown in mood control, here we use...

In vitro budinduction and shoot regeneration of Lantana camara L. was investigated using axillary nodal explants. Multiple shoot buds were induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 0, 2, 4 and 8 mg/l of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or thidiazuron (TDZ) for proliferation and 0, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/l indole-3 butyric acid (IBA) for rooting. After 4 weeks, a maximum number of shoot buds...

Introduction : The present study is aimed at investigation of the mechanism action a new 3-substituted thietane-1,1-dioxide derivative (N-199/1) exhibiting antidepressant properties, in several tests neuropharmacological interaction. Materials and methods To N-199/1, its effect on 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced head-twitch response (50 mg/kg 300 mg/kg), haloperidol-induced catalepsy (1 are...

abstract: ِintroduction: the effect of morphine dependency on learning and spatial memory is controversial. so in this study effect of co-administeration of nitric oxide (no) and morphine in ca3 of hippocampus on learning and spatial memory in morphine dependent rats was investigated. methods: after anaesthetization of male rats, cannulae implanted bilaterally in ca3 of hippocampus. after recove...