Geographical Situation of Pakistan The country consists of two wings-East Pakistan and West Pakistanseparated from each other by 1,500 miles of land. By far the greater part of the population (Table I) is concentrated in the relatively small area of East Pakistan in the delta formed by the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, which is the most densely populated part in the world and is conspicuous fo...

Sedimentary archives in the Himalayan foreland basin and Indus submarine fan provide the most detailed records of how changing monsoon strength may have affected erosion and the development of tectonic structures in the western Himalaya during the Neogene. Muscovite Ar-Ar ages show that fast exhumation of the Greater Himalaya was earlier in the west (20–35 Ma) than in the central Himalaya (10–2...

Model checking techniques have proven effective for checking a number of non-trivial concurrent object-oriented software systems. However, due to the high computational and memory costs, a variety of model reduction techniques are needed to overcome current limitations on applicability and scalability. Conventional wisdom holds that static program slicing can be an effective model reduction tec...

In the third millennium B.C., the Indus Civilization flourished in northwest India and Pakistan. The late mature phase (2200-1900 B.C.) was characterized by long-distance exchange networks, planned urban settlements, sanitation facilities, standardized weights and measures, and a sphere of influence over 1,000,000 square kilometers of territory. Recent paleoclimate reconstructions from the Beas...

Urbanism in the Indian subcontinent occurred in three distinct time periods in which cultural cohesion over large regions is archaeologically demonstrated through the architecture and artifacts of social, ritual, and economic activity. In the Indus (2500– 1900 B.C.) and Early Historic (3rd century B.C. to 4th century A.D.) periods, cities were not necessarily tied to political territories or gu...

Uplift and erosion of the Himalayas Tibetan Plateau have resulted in deposition some largest sedimentary masses on Earth. Chemical weathering these materials has been invoked as a primary driver long-term global cooling because silicate material consumes atmospheric CO2. We here combine geochemical data from scientific drill sites Arabian South China Seas, together with sediment mass flux budge...

River buffalo, Bubalus bubalis is a large bovine species frequently used livestock in southern Asia. It is believed that the river buffalo was domesticated from Bubalus arnee, the wild buffalo of mainland Asia, a few thousand years ago, probably during the period of Indus Valley civilization. However, the domestication history of the river buffalo has been the subject of debate for many decades...