BACKGROUND Early-life environmental variation affects gut microbial colonization and immune competence development; however, the timing and additional specifics of these processes are unknown. The impact of early-life environmental variations, as experienced under real life circumstances, on gut microbial colonization and immune development has not been studied extensively so far. We designed a...

Human intestinal bacteria have many roles in human health, most of which are beneficial or neutral for the host. In this review, we explore a more sinister side of intestinal bacteria; their role as traffickers in antibiotic resistance genes. Evidence is accumulating to support the hypothesis that intestinal bacteria not only exchange resistance genes among themselves but might also interact wi...

Antibiotics are often used in the clinic to treat bacterial infections, but the effects of these drugs on microbiota composition and on intestinal immunity are poorly understood. Citrobacter rodentium was used as a model enteric pathogen to investigate the effect of microbial perturbation on intestinal barriers and susceptibility to colitis. Streptomycin and metronidazole were used to induce al...

Despite human claims to superiority, it can be legitimately argued that microbes rule the world. Whether it is an ocean reef, a landfill, or a gastrointestinal tract, invisible communities of highly active and adaptable microbes prosper. Over time, mammalian species developed a symbiosis with microbes that are now important inhabitants not only in the intestines, but also in the mouth, skin, an...

This study was conducted to explore the effects of interferon tau (IFNT) on the intestinal microbiota and expression of interleukin 17 (IL-17) in the intestine of mice. IFNT supplementation increased microbial diversity in the jejunum and ileum but decreased microbial diversity in the feces. IFNT supplementation influenced the composition of the intestinal microbiota as follows: (1) decreasing ...

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting ~10-20% of the general population. AD is characterized by disturbances in epidermal barrier function and hyperactive immune response. Recently, changes in the skin and intestinal microbiome have been analyzed in more detail. The available data suggest a link between disturbed skin microbiome and course of the disease...

15 In this study, high throughput 16S rRNA sequencing was used to investigate the effect of a 16 novel ingredient, dietary microalgae (Schizochytrium limacinum), on the distal intestinal 17 microbiome of farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dietary microalgae are rich in 18 omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, can be produced sustainably, and have been shown to 19 have beneficial effects o...

BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal inflammation is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF). Administration of probiotics can reduce intestinal inflammation and the incidence of pulmonary exacerbations. We investigated the composition of intestinal microbiota in children with CF and analyzed its relationship with intestinal inflammation. We also investigated the microflora structure before and after Lactob...

T he intestinal tract is colonized by a myriad of mainly Grampositive microbes that show considerable spatial and temporal diversity (1–3). These intestinal microbiota reach astronomical numbers, and it has been estimated that the collective microbial genomes in our gut may contain 100 times more genes than the human genome (3). A prime function of the intestinal microbiota includes the process...

Fuller, in 1989, described probiotic microorganisms as “a live microbial feed supplement,which beneficially affects the host animal, by improving its intestinal microbial balance”.Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (S.boulardii) is an accurate probiotic yeast idol.The detection and budding of S.boulardiiis firmly related to the impression of healthinessto promote microorganisms from foodst...