We present a preliminary study of a new class of two-input cellular automaton rules called eventually number-conserving rules characterized by the property of evolving after a finite number of time steps to states whose number of active sites remains constant. Viewed as models of systems of interacting particles, these rules obey a kind of Darwinian principle by either annihilating unnecessary ...

This article proposes a model for evaluating inefficiency accounting firms’ corporate social responsibility engagement as part of their broader output production activities. The combines the marketable outputs, socially responsible and undesirable outputs into overall measures firm performance using data envelopment approaches. Methodologically, builds on dynamic by-production model, which acco...

Public procurement accounts for around 12% of global GDP and 63% expenditures are managed by subnational governments across OECD countries. In Italy, municipalities can impose penalties on contractors breaches contract, example delays in delivery, often leading to suing the municipality local courts, which turn further delay delivery. As such efficiency judiciary have a strong bearing final del...

Object oriented models and methods encompass a set of techniques which have been, and will continue to be, applied in the successful production of complex software systems. The methods are based on the simple concepts of abstraction, encapsulation, classification and polymorphism. The formal verification of logical properties of such models is difficult to integrate into the traditional operati...