the encyclopedia of islam (leiden) is one of the most important / out–standing appearance of a descriptive–historical or phenomenon–logical attitude to the western islamic studies. also it is considered the symbol of specialization in the studies. since history, culture and civilization of iran pre /after islam) and shi, ism are among the important topics of islamic studies, we show that how th...

iran is situated at the center of a regional subsystem including the middle east, central asia, the caucasus, southwest asia and the persian gulf basin. iran's relations with each of these subsystems refer to a special ground that is rooted in the foundation of iranian civilization. if relations with each of these regions are designed according to cultural, economic and political realities...