Sanitation improvement is crucial in saving lives that are lost due to water contamination. Progress towards achieving full sanitation coverage is still slow in low-income informal settlements in most developing countries. Furthermore, resources are being wasted on installing facilities that are later misused or never used because they do not meet the local demand. Understanding demand for impr...

The paper presents a theoretical model that seeks to answer the question of why former squatter settlements tend to upgrade/redevelop at a slower pace than otherwise similar settlements originating in the formal sector. We argue that squatter settlers’ initial strategy to access urban land creates a ‘legacy effect’ that curtails settlement upgrading possibilities even after the settlements are ...

A mechanical spring-block model is used for realizing an objective space partition of settlements from a geographic territory in region-like structures. The method is based on the relaxation-dynamics of the spring-block system and reveals in a hierarchical manner region-like entities at different spatial scales. It takes into account in an elegant manner both the spatiality of the elements and ...

for a long time, the concept of sustainability and unsustainability, the ways to assess them, and the factors involved in the process of various areas of scienc, especially the environmental ones. sustainability in rural areas as human settlements depends heavily on a series of factors including environmental and socio-economic factors. this paper aims at introducing fuzzy set theory and the ex...

Intellectual property rights are widely recognized as critical assets in many industries, especially “high-tech” industries. Companies like IBM, Intel, and Hewlett-Packard regard their patents and copyrights, along with their other intangible assets such as know-how, as central elements giving them competitive advantage. Likewise, many software companies, from Microsoft to software startups see...

We present a simple method for improving the rendered appearance of coarse triangular meshes. We refine and modify the geometry along silhouette edges in real-time, and thus increase the geometric complexity only where needed. We address how to define the improved silhouette and a method to blend the modified and the original geometry continuously. §

Irregular Incurve is a MIDI controllable robotic string instrument. The twelve independent string-units compose the complete musical scale of 12 units. Each string can be plucked by a motor control guitar pick. A MIDI keyboard is attached to the instrument and serves as an interface for real-time interactions between the instrument and the audience. Irregular Incurve can also play preprogrammed...

Non-rigid shape matching is one of the most challenging fields in content-based 3D object retrieval. The aim of the SHREC 2010 Shape Retrieval Contest of Non-rigid 3D Models is to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different methods run on a non-rigid 3D shape benchmark consisting of 200 watertight triangular meshes. Three groups with six methods have participated in this track and the r...

Article history: Received 16 August 2015 Received in revised form 3 December 2015 Accepted 17 December 2015 Available online 21 December 2015

The study aimed to investigate the histopathology status of hepatopancreas mangrove crabs (Scylla serrata) in Alue Naga estuary area, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. research was conducted September and October 2020. purposive sampling method used where determination location based on water conditions anthropogenic activities near estuary. implemented within three sites Krueng Cut estuary, Gampong Naga,...