This article reports on the findings of a study that investigated the impact of manipulating task performance conditions on listening task performance by learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). The study was designed to explore the effects of changing complexity dimensions on listening task performance and to achieve two aims: to see how listening comprehension task performance was aff...

The use of questionnaires is widespread in psychological assessment. Typically items are constructed more or less “intuitively” and their difficulty is determined with empirical studies. In order to improve the construct validity of questionnaire items an approach to constructing questionnaires by using construction rationals is demonstrated. This approach has its origins in the cognitive scien...

Background Large-scale assessments in education are typically administered using multiple test forms or booklets in which the same items are presented in different positions or locations within the forms. The main purpose of this practice is to improve test security by reducing the possibility of cheating among test takers (Debeer and Janssen 2013). This practice also helps test developers admi...

at the pre-test stage, one of the important stages in language testing, items of the test are given to some language learners who are at same level as the target test takers, and through the statistical analysis of their responses, the information such as item facility and item discrimination are gained. also, unreliable and problematic items are distinguished and amended. this research tries t...

OBJECTIVE When comparing outcomes of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM ) between patient groups, item characteristics of the FIM should be consistent across groups. The purpose of this study was to compare item difficulty of the FIM in 3 patient groups with neurological disorders. SUBJECTS Patients with stroke (n=295), multiple sclerosis (n=150), and traumatic brain injury (n=88). ME...

The paper proposes new measures of difficulty and discriminating values binary items test consisting such find their relationships including estimation error variance thereby the reliability, as per definition using cosine similarities. use entire data. Difficulty value item is defined function angle between observed score vector maximum possible vector. Discriminating an are taken coefficient ...

Background: According to the industrialization of countries and development of societies, tests and methods are required to employ people in industries and organizations and make the best selection in getting workforce. Interviews, Written tests  , and multiple choice tests are common methods used in employing people. Among these methods  , multiple choice tests is the easiest one because of th...