Abstract To mitigate state exposure threats to long-lived instant messaging sessions, ratcheting was introduced, which is used in practice protocols like Signal. However, existing generally come with a high cost. Recently, Caforio et al. proposed pragmatic constructions, compose weakly secure ‘light’ protocol and strongly ‘heavy’ protocol, order achieve so-called on-demand. The light they has s...

Ratcheting behavior of steel 304L cylindrical shell under cyclic combined and axial loading are investigated in this paper, numerically. Cylindrical shells were fixed oblique at angle of 20° and normal with respect to the longitudinal direction of the shell and subjected to force-controlled cycling with non-zero mean force, which causes the accumulation of plastic deformation or ratcheting beha...

We propose a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach to estimate the impact of incentives on cost reduction. We show theoretically, and estimate empirically, that German electricity distribution system operators (DSOs) incur higher costs when subject to a loweredpowered regulation mechanism. The difference is particularly significant (about 7%) for firms in the upper quartile of the efficiency...