background: vaginal bleeding is a common complication during pregnancy, which is observed in about 1/4 of pregnancies and in half of cases can lead to abortion. if vaginal bleeding happens during pregnancy some adverse pregnancy outcomes, including perinatal mortality and morbidity, low birth weight and preterm delivery will be increased. objective:  the aim of this study was to determine the r...

background & aim : assisting parents in selection of appropriate method of delivery is one of targets of preparation classes of childbirth. group training method gives mothers a chance to share their experiences and beliefs with each other and the midwife may provide them with high quality training by presenting them with correct information. the aim of this study is to investigate the effect g...

background: labor pain is one of the severest pains that cause many women request cesarean section for fear of pain. thus, controlling labor pain is a major concern of maternity care. nowadays, interest in non-pharmacological pain relief methods has been increased because of their lower side effects. the effects of discrete heat and cold on decreasing labor pain have been reported but there was...

adnexal tumors (ats) are primary skin tumors with benign or rarely, malignant behavior. they have been classified based on differentiation towards hair follicle, sebaceous, apocrine or eccrine gland. few large-scale studies have focused on ats. to determine the prevalence of ats and to assess clinical and histopathological trend of ats. a retrospective descriptive study of all ats diagnosed in ...

labor is a physiological event involving a sequential, integrated set of changes within the myometrium, deciduas, and uterine cervix that occur gradually over a period of days to weeks. biochemical connective tissue changes in the uterine cervix appear to precede uterine contractions and cervical dilation, and all of these events usually occur before rupture of the fetal membranes. in other wor...

the aim is the study on the impact of pethedine 4 hours before labor on newborn. data was gathered based on the apgar scores in first and fifth minutes after birth. three groups of mothers were selected: without any use of pethedine, use of pethedine less than 4 hours before labor and use of pethedine more than 4 hours before labor. the data was analyzed by using computer programs. there was no...

This study examined the effects of a yoga program during pregnancy, on maternal comfort, labor pain, and birth outcomes. A randomized trial was conducted using 74-primigravid Thai women who were equally divided into two groups (experimental and control). The yoga program involved six, 1-h sessions at prescribed weeks of gestation. A variety of instruments were used to assess maternal comfort, l...

Do International Labor Standards Contribute to the Persistence of the Child Labor Problem? In recent years, a number of governments and consumer groups in rich countries have tried to discourage the use of child labor in poor countries through measures such as product boycotts and the imposition of international labor standards. The purported objective of such measures is to reduce the incidenc...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the maternal morbidity associated with cesarean deliveries performed at term without labor compared with morbidity associated with induction of labor at term. METHODS A 15-year population-based cohort study (1988-2002) using the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database compared maternal outcomes in nulliparous women delivering by cesarean delivery without labor and nulliparo...