Purpose: The compliance ethical characteristics plays an important role in urban management, and accordingly, the purpose of this study was identifying the effective ethical codes on urban management with a meta synthesis method. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative. The field of research was all articles of effective eth...

Singleton [1] is a creational pattern with well-defined semantics ensuring that the instance is always created prior to use. This effectively solves the problem of initialization order when a number of interrelated objects are involved. But the pattern’s destruction semantics is inadequate for several singletons with complex dependencies among them. A Destruction-Managed Singleton complements t...

Feature selection is an important area in the machine learning, specifically in pattern recognition. However, it has not received so many focuses in Writer Identification domain. Therefore, this paper is meant for exploring the usage of feature selection in this domain. Various filter and wrapper feature selection methods are selected and their performances are analyzed using image dataset from...

Reliable distributed systems involve many complex protocols. In this context, protocol composition is a central concept, because it allows the reuse of robust protocol implementations. In this paper, we describe how the Strategy pattern has been recursively used to support protocol composition in the BAST framework. We also discuss design alternatives that have been applied in other existing fr...

As financial markets grow in size and complexity, risk management protocols must also evolve to address more challenging demands. One of the most difficult of these challenges is managing event risk, the risk posed by unanticipated news that causes major market moves over short time intervals. Often cited but rarely managed, event risk has been relegated to the domain of qualitative judgment an...