Algorithms which seek global optima are computationally expensive. Alternatively, heuristic methods have been proposed to find approximate solutions. Because heuristic algorithms do not always deliver exact solutions it is difficult to verify the computed solutions. Such a problem is known as the oracle problem. In this paper, we propose to apply Metamorphic Testing (MT) in such situations beca...

Introduction: Head scans are the most frequently performed computed tomography (CT) examinations worldwide. However, there is growing concern over the probability of increased cancer risks among the exposed populations. Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) identify radiation dose that is not commensurate with clinical objectives. The aim of this study was to establish DR...

Metamorphic testing (MT) is widely used for programs that face the oracle problem. It uses a set of metamorphic relations (MRs), which are among multiple inputs and their corresponding outputs to determine whether program under test faulty. Typically, MRs vary in ability detect faults test, some tend same faults. In this paper, we propose approaches prioritize improve efficiency effectiveness M...

The comparative anthelmintic activity of a possible prodrug, 2,2'-dicarbomethoxyamino-5,5'-dibenzimidazolyl methanol (2) with its parent compound 2,2'-dicarbomethoxyamino-5,5'-dibenzimidazolyl ketone (1) and the reference drug mebendazole (3a) is reported. At a dose of 25 mg/kg, compound 2 was 100% effective against Ancylostoma ceylanicum in hamsters. Compound 2 also exhibited a similar order o...

The classification of natural images is an essential task in computer vision and pattern recognition applications. Rock images are the typical example of natural images, and their analysis is of major importance in rock industries and bedrock investigations. Rocks are mainly classified into three types. They are Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary. They are further classified into Andesite, Ba...

In the Hallstatt salt mine (Austria), polyhalite rocks occur in 0.5-1 m thick and several metre long tectonic lenses within the protocataclasite to protomylonite matrix of the Alpine Haselgebirge Fm.. Thin section analysis of Hallstatt polyhalites reveals various fabric types similar to metamorphic rocks of crust-forming minerals, e.g. quartz and feldspar. Polyhalite microfabrics from Hallstatt...

Background The ubiquity of nickel in the environment and its common presence in food and water mean that humans are constantly exposed to nickel. Although nickel is not acutely toxic at low levels, it is a carcinogen and has been linked to cellular oxidative stress [1]. Soils that develop on serpentinite, a metamorphic rock type derived from ultramafic igneous rocks (and the state rock of Calif...