In this study, we investigated the neural substrate involved in the comprehension of novel metaphoric sentences by comparing the findings to those obtained with literal and anomalous sentences using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Stimuli consisted of 63 copula sentences ("An A is a B") in Japanese with metaphorical, literal, or anomalous meanings. Thirteen normal pa...

We investigated the consequences and preconditions of two types of metaphors in stock market commentary. Agent metaphors describe price trends as actions of an animate, selfpropelled actor, whereas object metaphors describe them as movements of an inanimate object caused by external physical forces. Study 1 examined the consequences of commentary for lay investors’ judgments. Agent metaphors, c...

The left superior temporal sulcus (STS) plays an important role in integrating audiovisual information and is functionally connected to disparate regions of the brain. For the integration of gesture information in an abstract sentence context (metaphoric gestures), intact connectivity between the left STS and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) should be important. Patients with schizophrenia have...

We used event-related fMRI (ER-fMRI) to test the hypothesis that metaphors bias cognitive processing of semantic relatedness towards a search for a wider range of associations. Twelve right-handed male volunteers read a mixture of metaphoric and literal sentences, each sentence being followed by a single word, which could be semantically related or not to the preceding sentence context. We foun...

The benefits of formal methods in software development are well recognised and well documented. Design recovery involves analysing the source code and recovers the desired design elements based on design recovery specification. One way to ensure the correctness of the recovered design is to use formal methods in the process. This paper describes an approach to apply formal methods to design rec...

y Formal methods are easily dismissed as heavy weight and irrelevant. People legitimately ask to see what impact formal methods have had on software development practices outside of those areas where governments or regulatory agencies have mandated their use. We argue that design automation is an opportunity for the insertion of formal methods into software development practice. In particular, ...

Holger Hinrichsen, Hans Eveking, and Gerd Ritter Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Darmstadt University of Technology, D-64283 Darmstadt, Germany hinrichsen/eveking/[email protected] Abstract. A method of formally correct synthesis is presented and applied to the automatic construction of pipelined processors. The approach is based on a small set of correctness-preserving tra...

F or more than two decades, applied formal methods have remained the unexplored frontier of embedded system design— just beyond the reach of practice. There have been inroads, certainly, but no sign of a revolution—even a quiet one—in industry. Considering the rapid progress of technology over this time, the dynamic expansion of applications, and the meager investment in formal methods, just ke...

In this article we present a tool for the formal deenition and application of design patterns that is both process-and reuse-oriented. A formal model for design patterns allows us to unambiguously specify the steps in pattern instantiation. The model is based on Abstract Data Views and divides designs into both objects and views in order to maintain a separation of concerns. This formalism also...

In this article results from mathematics are used to create a formalism for games. Games are considered as systems and the design of games as the creation of models for games. By abstract control systems, a formalism for describing models of games is introduced. Methods to create new models from given ones are described. To handle complexity problems in game design, simulations of models by oth...