this study examines the efficiency of pedagogical intervention in raising l2 pragmatic awareness of the iranian efl learners. more specifically, it seeks to investigate the difference between explicit and implicit instructions in improving pragmatic appropriateness of the english refusals by adult persian native speakers in an efl classroom context. fifty-four participants, with approximately t...

background and objectives: information ethics, according to islam, equals observing human rights and morals in dealing with information transmission and provision, which must be based on honesty and truthfulness. as islam highly values society and social issues, it believes that human behaviors and interactions are strongly interconnected in a society. committing to ethical issues regarding inf...

in recent years, work for the information profession has become characterized by fast-paced change and new skills requirements. this transformation has been brought about by the constant emergence of relevant new technologies. in this paper, ict skills for professionals in developing countries are examined and nigeria research project is mentioned as an example. one of the important implication...

introduction: health care classifications are essential tools for collecting and processing health-related information. they also provide a unified language for interdisciplinary communications. nursing data is important for extension of knowledge, evaluating the quality and effectiveness of nursing care, and supporting human resource planning. therefore, an integrated system for collecting, st...

introduction: voluntary counseling and testing (vct) for hiv infection is a confidential service offered to individuals in the community. this study intended to present a pattern for regional surveillance of vct services in iran. methods: this was an applied descriptive study. at first, the existing regional vct surveillance in 2009 was investigated through visiting the clinical deputy of medic...

Drawing upon sociocultural theory of Vygotsky, the current study aims to investigate the effect of dyadic interaction in mixed and matched level proficiency pairings on comprehension and production of request and apology speech acts. The participants were 125 EFL learners who were randomly assigned to control and experimental (interaction) groups. Based on their scores in the pretest including ...

pažuheš-nâme-ye târix-e ejtemâ’i va eqtesâdi (socio economic history studies) biannual journal volume 2, number 1, spring & summer 2013 concessionaire: institute for humanities and cultural studies (ihcs) director in charge & editor-in-chief: shahram yousefifar executive manager: azam riahi   editorial board ahmad badkoobeh hazaveh associate professor, university of tehran safoura boroumand ass...