In a review of three books about the proper distribution of health care for vulnerable people, Menzel concludes that Larry R. Churchill's Rationing Health Care in America: Perceptions and Principles of Justice, Charles J. Dougherty's American Health Care: Realities, Rights, and Reforms, and Timothy M. Smeeding's Should Medical Care Be Rationed by Age? all contribute to the discussion but in ver...

The PRC was established on 1 Oct, 1949 as a communist country. Mao Zedong became the Chairman of the Central People’s Government Council and officially announced the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. He was the first leader of the PRC. After the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping resumed all his duties and his influence continued to grow in the following 20 years. He gradually be...

Homology [4] is a central concept of comparative and evolutionary biology, referring to the presence of the same bodily parts (e.g., morphological structures) in different species. The existence of homologies is explained by common ancestry, and according to modern definitions of homology, two structures in different species are homologous if they are derived from the same structure in the comm...

Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is an automated, statistical technique for comparing the semantic similarity of words or documents. In this paper, I examine the application of LSA to automated essay scoring. I compare LSA methods to earlier statistical methods for assessing essay quality, and critically review contemporary essay-scoring systems built on LSA, including the Intelligent Essay Asses...