The Korean local autonomy system has a unique feature in that it grants councils, mayors, and governors the right to submit bills. Because of Korea’s extensive experience with authoritarianism, relative legislative productivity assembly respect head group—that is, person who initiative—has become an evaluation criterion for activities councils Korea. In this study, we address question why indiv...

Abstract Over the past decades, Western European municipalities increasingly reacted to presence of immigrants with efforts include these new residents in local policymaking. As part this, many cities installed immigrant councils, allowing newcomers participate political sphere and bring their needs interests into process. Even though councils became strongly institutionalized countries like Ge...

Newcastle Disease (ND) has been recognized for a long time as one of the major production and health constraints to rural poultry. There have been increasing reports by private veterinarians of ND outbreaks in commercial farms in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria but the epidemiological status of the disease in local chickens is unknown and outbreaks are usually not reported. A serol...

The article examines the issue of management system first Soviet pedagogical institutions higher education in 1920s - institutes public education. On basis normative documents that established each institution, scope duties rector, political commissar, activities institute and faculty councils, commissions, general meetings, etc. were revealed.

Background Routine immunization coverage in Nigeria has remained low, and studies have identified a lack of accountability as a barrier to high performance in the immunization system. Accountability lies at the heart of various health systems strengthening efforts recently launched in Nigeria, including those related to immunization. Our aim was to understand the views of health officials on th...

The 73rd Amendment paved the way for a fundamental change in the way public goods are delivered in rural areas in India. Through the structure of the Panchayati Raj, local councils directly elected by the people are responsible for making decisions on an array of public good decisions. Twice a year, the councils must also convene village meetings (Gram Sabhas), where the villagers must approve ...

Because of its geographic proximity to the major drug production centres, there is easy access to narcotic drugs in the Islamic Republic of Iran despite efforts by governmental and nongovernmental organizations. Using a structured questionnaire as a basis for conversation, local health workers interviewed 310 residents of a rural area in Babol province about opium use. The self-reported rate of...

Various epidemics have arisen in rural locations through human-animal interaction, such as the H1N1 outbreak of 2009. Through collaboration with local government officials, we have surveyed a rural county and its communities and collected a dataset characterizing the rural population. From the respondents' answers, we build a social (face-to-face) contact network. With this network, we explore ...