Because of social, political, financial, or legal reasons, many contraceptive methods have been removed from the contraceptive armamentarium, sometimes almost as quickly as they were introduced. The original subdermal implant, a monthly intramuscular injection containing medroxyprogesterone acetate and estradiol cypionate, and a multitude of intrauterine devices have all been withdrawn from the...

BACKGROUND Enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives. Little is known of contraceptive practice among reproductive-age women who receive AEDs. STUDY DESIGN We explored the use of contraceptive methods among Dutch women aged 15 to 49 years with prescriptions of AEDs using pharmacy dispensing database. Drug dispensing data of AEDs and contraceptives i...

Objective To assess the thrombotic risk associated with oral contraceptive use with a focus on dose of oestrogen and type of progestogen of oral contraceptives available

BACKGROUND The magnitude of the relative risk of venous thrombosis caused by low-dose oral contraceptive use is still debated because previous studies might have been affected by diagnostic suspicion and referral bias. METHODS We conducted a case-control study in which the effect of diagnostic suspicion and referral bias was excluded. The study was performed in 2 diagnostic centers to which p...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether use of oral contraceptives is associated with all cause and cause specific mortality. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Nurses' Health Study, data collected between 1976 and 2012. POPULATION 121,701 participants were prospectively followed for 36 years; lifetime oral contraceptive use was recorded biennially from 1976 to 1982. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ...

1. Saadatnia M, Naghavi N, Fatehi F, Zare M. Oral contraceptive misuse as a risk factor for cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. J Res Med Sci 2012;17:344-7. 2. Fathizadeh N, Salemi P, Ehsanpour S.Dissatisfaction with contraceptive methods.Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2011;16: 79-82. 3. Ehsanpour S, Aghaii A, KheirabadiGR.The association of contraceptive methods and depression. Iran J Nurs Midwif...

1 Vandenbroucke JP, van der Meer FJM, Helmerhorst FM, Rosendaal FR. Factor V Leiden: should we screen oral contraceptive users and pregnant women? BMJ 1996;313:1127-30. 2 Martinelli I, Taioli E, Bucciarelli P, Akvahan S, Mannucci PM. Interaction between the G20120A mutation of the prothrombin gene and oral contraceptive use in deep vein thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:700-3. 3...

Initial oral contraceptive regimens were characterised by high doses of ethinylestradiol (EE) and a progestogen in a 21-day regimen that either included seven additional hormone-free tablets or simply the 21 days of combination hormonal tablets. These regimens were developed to ensure high contraceptive effectiveness, regular and predictable withdrawal bleeding episodes to mimic a menstr...

Previous studies of oral contraceptives and breast cancer indicate that recent use slightly increases risk, but most studies relied on self-reported use and did not examine contemporary oral contraceptive formulations. This nested case–control studywas among female enrollees in a largeU.S. integrated health care delivery system. Cases were 1,102 women ages 20 to 49 years diagnosed with invasive...