Introduction Modern urban areas are places of continuous change. Over periods of time of months, buildings may be torn down and new ones started; streets can be altered and new ones constructed; railways or other means of urban transport may change. The models of urban areas must be able to accommodate this change. This is especially so since models are significantly higher resolution than prev...

The proportion of a country's population living in urban areas is highly correlated with its level of income. Urban areas offer economies of scale and richer market structures, and there is strong evidence that workers in urban areas are individually more productive, and earn more, than rural workers. However, rapid urbanization is also associated with crowding, environmental degradation, and o...

Urbanization has a marked effect on the reproduction and other ecological and behavioural traits of many living organisms, including birds. In migrant birds, survival and reproductive output is influenced by the (mis)synchronization of arrival with the availability of resources. Many recent studies have shown that arrival timing is related to temperatures en-route and at destination. Because ur...

This paper summarises the general pattern of urban land-cover change in the Northeastern Illinois between 1972 and 1997 using Landsat acquired remotely sensed images. The region, centred by the city of Chicago, experienced dramatic land cover change in the past decades. Accompanying the redistribution of population and decentralisation of metropolitan functions are the tremendous growth and dev...

the vast expanse of the urban distressed areas in the country and multiple damages that their inhabitants face on economic, social and cultural aspects remind the need for higher attention to these constructions. meanwhile, tehran's distressed areas with more than 3268 hectares (5.3% of the area of ​​tehran) has a population of one million and three hundred thousand people in it, is one of...

Whilst large scale noise-mapping techniques have been applied extensively in practice, as required by the EU Directive on environmental noise, they are often not applicable for microscale urban areas such as a street or a square. This talk will discuss a series of simulation techniques as well as related acoustic theories for accurately calculating the sound field for micro-scale urban areas. T...

in this paper, by using the survival models, survival functions for the time from birth to the event of using formula (i.e. the time that baby in fed by breast milk) in urban and rural areas of takestan (iran, winter 1998) are reported. later the relation between the mentioned time and some factors are also discussed. the kaplan-meire method and cox regression are used in this paper as well. 48...

Urban agriculture is growing in cities across the United States. It has the potential to provide multiple benefits, including increased food security. Concerns about soil contamination in urban areas can be an impediment to urban agriculture. Lead is the most common contaminant in urban areas. In this paper, direct (soil ingestion via outdoor and indoor exposure) and indirect (consumption of fo...