This paper explores the effect of exclusionary ”ethical investing” on corporate behavior in a risk averse, equilibrium setting. While arguments exist that ethical investing can inßuence a Þrm’s cost of capital, and so affect investment, no equilibrium model has been presented to do so. We show that exclusionary ethical investing leads to ”polluting” Þrms being held by fewer investors since ”gre...

Industrial and mining activities are recognized as major sources of soil pollution. This study proposes an index system for evaluating the inherent risk level of polluting factories and introduces an integrated risk assessment method based on human health risk. As a case study, the health risk, polluting factories and integrated risks were analyzed in a typical industrial and mining gathering a...

using the highly recommended numerical techniques, a finite element computer code is developed to analyse the steady incompressible, laminar and turbulent flows in 2-d domains with complex geometry. the petrov-galerkin finite element formulation is adopted to avoid numerical oscillations. turbulence is modeled using the two equation k-ω model. the discretized equations are written in the form o...

one priority of planning at the regional level is to recognize the system of residence and particularly its urban system. one of the features of urban system in each area or country is the way of population distribution between the cities of these areas which is called city distribution size. in functional analysis of mazandaran province 41 development indexes of educational, cultural, social, ...

development as a main concern of the governors, politicians, socio-economic planners has attracted so many attentions and regional differences in the process of national development are a main field of policy-making and planning. it is true that when the polarization of development is continued and caused to make a gap between their per capita income and other areas. regional differences betwee...