background and aim: it is well - known that sex hormones regulate bone metabolism. sex steroids increase osteoblasts activities and affect growth, remodeling and bone homeostasis. the aim of this study was to examine the effects of sex hormones deficiency on craniofacial growth in rats. methods & materials: fifty, thirty–day–old wistar rats comprised the sample in this experimental study. 25 ma...

The issue Poverty and underdevelopment are closely correlated with lack of functional infrastructure and underemployment (ILO, 2010; OECD, 2005; World Bank, 1994). Infrastructure, including social and economic infrastructure, helps to build the conditions for economic growth and poverty reduction. In addition, the use of Labour Based Approaches (LBAs) to build and maintain infrastructures is cu...

We measure the rate of pro-poor growth by the mean growth rate of the poor, which equals the rate of change in the Watts index of poverty normalized by the headcount index. Examples are given using data for China during the 1990s.  2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The growth incidence curve gives growth rates by quantiles ranked by income. Integrating this curve up to the headcount index of poverty gives a measure of the rate of “propoor growth” consistent with the Watts index for the level of poverty. Examples are given using survey data for China during the 1990s.

most developing countries have achieved productivity growth in economic sectors like agriculture for more than 30 years. universities and governmental research centers have tried to generate knowledge with direct social and economic effects during these decades. so, productivity and production growth can be attributed to technological changes made possible through investment in agricultural res...

the present paper examines the mitigating effect of monetary and fiscal policies on the “growth laffer curve” (glc) using a panel data of 38 high income countries over the period 2003-2012. adopting generalised method of moments (gmm) estimators, the paper finds evidence substantiating the presence of an inverted-u glc. moreover, the evidence suggests that the glc shifts downward by employing e...

considering the expansion of global poverty and its resulting concerns, the objectives of the millennium development goals (mdgs) may not be achieved unless a solution is found for this widespread phenomenon. therefore finding a solution for poverty reduction and improving the welfare of the vulnerable group has become a universal objective. this paper discusses the poor performance of formal f...

the historical experience of many developing countries show that many developing world has not paid enough attention and is not giving serious thought to its agricultural sector. in fact, nearly all the countries that have “undervalued” their agricultural sectors not only failed to grow rapidly, but they all encountered domestic food shortages, balance of payment crisis and some sort of politic...