the process of globalization is changing the world economically, politicaly, socially and culturally. globalization in the general sense is the greater integration of the national economies in the world and it is a much discussed phenomenon. greater integration has many effects on the structure of production in national economies, the roleof multinational corporation and foreign direct investme...

he careless application of technology and poor planning have had deteriorating effects on the economy, agricultural production and social structure in iran. the country, where the exportation of excess agricultural production brought a major portion of her income some 20 years ago, had to import more than 75 per cent of the food needs of her prople in recent years. some national plans or major ...

The mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) harbors an oxidizing machinery that drives import and folding of small cysteine-containing proteins without targeting signals. The main component of this pathway is the oxidoreductase Mia40, which introduces disulfides into its substrates. We recently showed that the IMS glutathione pool is maintained as reducing as that of the cytosol. It thus remain...

Globalization has ushered in a new era when more and more companies are expanding their manufacturing operations on a global scale. This poses some special challenges and raises certain issues. This paper examines production loading problems that involve import quota limits in the global supply chain network. Import quota, which is imposed by importing countries (mostly in North America and Eur...

Water is the first and foremost limiting factor for agricultural production, and undoubtedly, water crisis is considered as one of the international challenges for governments and human societies. Given that virtual water was first used as a way to tackle water scarcity in countries with limited water resources, so that countries with low water should import food from abundant countries...

The exchange rate plays an essential role for firms which export goods and import raw materials. In this paper, the effects of real specific exchange rate fluctuations in imports, exports and aggregate trade on industry sector, chemical and transportation industries outputs in 49 OIC countries were investigated by using a panel data model over 1990-2014. Particularly, this paper presents eviden...

This paper studies the extent and variation in production cost pass-through for U.S. outsourcing imports. Data from 4,676 products imported through the U.S. overseas assembly program (OAP) show that outsourcing imports were characterized by incomplete pass-through of production and trade costs to import prices. Notably, passthrough was higher for products assembled in high education countries w...