BACKGROUND There is an ongoing debate as to whether early diabetic nephropathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus may be attributed to the glomerulus or to the proximal tubule. Urinary excretion of nephrin and vascular endothelial growth factor may increase even in the normoalbuminuria stage. In the course of diabetic nephropathy, the proximal tubule may be involved in the uptake of urinary nephrin an...

PURPOSE To evaluate the proximity to the radial nerve on cadaveric specimens of 2 modified anterolateral portals used for elbow arthroscopy. METHODS Ten fresh cadaveric elbow specimens were prepared. Four-millimeter Steinman pins were inserted into 3 anterolateral portal sites in relation to the lateral epicondyle: (1) the standard distal anterolateral portal, (2) a modified direct anterolate...

To determine the sites of tubular phosphate reabsorption in the nephron, microinjection studies were undertaken, utilizing isotonic electrolyte solutions, containing either 1.4 or 8.0 mM phosphate and radioactive PO(4)-(33)P and inulin-(3)H, in rats made mildly diuretic by infusion of mannitol. The injected sites were localized by the technique of latex dissection. The relation between proximal...

Studies were undertaken to define the pattern of proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption and its relation to tubular and capillary PCO2 in rats with chronic metabolic alkalosis (CMA). CMA was induced by administering furosemide to rats ingesting a low electrolyte diet supplemented with NaHCO3 and KHCO3. Proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption and PCO2 were measured in CMA rats either 4-7 or...

OBJECTIVES The goal of this study is to investigate the relation between indicators of osteoporosis (i.e., bone mineral density (BMD), and Cortical Index (CI)) and the complexity of a fracture of the proximal humerus as a result of a low-energy trauma. METHODS A retrospective chart review of 168 patients (mean age 67.2 years, range 51 to 88.7) with a fracture of the proximal humerus between 2...

 Proximal humerus fractures are common, but associated injury of the axillary artery is uncommon. The majority of published blunt traumatic axillary artery injuries are associated with anterior glenohumeral dislocation; a few are associated with isolated proximal humerus fractures or fracture-dislocation. Experience within our institution demonstrates that axillary artery injury is often unreco...

In this paper, we first give a new definition of Ω-Dedekind complete Riesz space (E,≤) in the frame vector metric (Ω,ρ,E) and investigate relation between Dedekind our concept. Moreover, introduce contraction so called α-vector proximal mapping. Then, prove certain best proximity point theorems for such mappings spaces where is space. Thus, time, acquire results on spaces. As result, generalize...