Currently, a large portion of users anabolic androgenic steroids purchase these drugs from non-legal sources, the so-called underground market. Studies involving seizures market, and their respective product chemical analysis, indicated that adulteration rate can vary between 18 86%, plus potential serious contamination by heavy metals or microorganisms. Inadvertent abuse market products put us...

This study uses " Multiple Indicators – Multiple Causes" (MIMIC) approach to model the causal relations between main variables, which determine the underground economy in Iran. we Basically, it examines the relationship between underground and official GDP in Iran, using annual time-series data for Iran during 1965 – 2005. Accordingly, it is found that the estimated size of the underground ...

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) can enable many important applications such as intelligent agriculture, pipeline fault diagnosis, mine disaster rescue, concealed border patrol, crude oil exploration, among others. The key challenge to realize WUSNs is the wireless communication in underground environments. Most existing wireless communication systems utilize the dipole antenna to t...

Underground railway stations are known to have elevated particulate matter (PM) loads compared to ambient air. As these particles are derived from metal-rich sources and transition metals may pose a risk to health by virtue of their ability to catalyze generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their potential enrichment in underground environments is a source of concern. Compared to coarse (...

The cadastral system provides land ownership information by registering and representing land boundaries on a map. The current cadastral system in Korea, however, focuses mainly on the management of 2D land-surface boundaries. It is not yet possible to provide efficient or reliable land administration, as this 2D system cannot support or manage land information on 3D properties (including archi...

The impact of blast-driven shocks on the safety and stability of the underground coal mines has been well established. The seismic imperfections resulting from blasting depend on the total explosive energy released during blasting and the closeness of the development tunnel face to the stope face. Also, the quality of the rock mass wherein the whole stope face is located might pose considerable...