short of incineration or boiling will be effective. Furthermore, these results suggest that temperatures achievable in point-of-use hot water heaters (household units) can deactivate infectious B. procyonis eggs, thus providing an option for maintaining safe drinking water during a possible event of bioterrorism or a “boil water advisory.” However, further efforts are needed to determine the ef...

an the use of teacher led “why” questioning techniques improve student learning of texts in K-12 educational settings? Much of the educational reform movement seeks to deemphasize the centrality of the teacher in leading classroom discussions in favor of more ‘student-centered’ approaches (Bransford, Brown & Cocking, 1999, Hirsch 1996), but research in this line seems both appropriate and neces...

Background: Verbal Autopsy Questionnaire (VA) is an important tool to estimate the cause of death among those populations lacking an appropriate death registration system. In this study, the validity and reliability of verbal autopsy were assessed.    Methods: The Persian version of the questionnaire was prepared using the translation and back- translation method. In the first and se...

One explanation for the finding of slightly above-chance accuracy in detecting deception experiments is limited variance in sender transparency. The current study sought to increase accuracy by increasing variance in sender transparency with strategic interrogative questioning. Participants (total N = 128) observed cheaters and noncheaters who were questioned with either indirect background que...

BACKGROUND The article by Feachem et al, published in the BMJ in 2002, claimed to show that, compared with the United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS), the Kaiser Permanente healthcare system in the United States (US) has similar healthcare costs per capita, and performance that is considerably better in certain respects. AIM To assess the accuracy of Feachem et al's comparison and ...

The social intelligence hypothesis posits that complex cognition and enlarged "executive brains" evolved in response to challenges that are associated with social complexity. This hypothesis has been well supported, but some recent data are inconsistent with its predictions. It is becoming increasingly clear that multiple selective agents, and non-selective constraints, must have acted to shape...

Gene duplication provides much of the raw material from which functional diversity evolves. Two evolutionary mechanisms have been proposed that generate functional diversity: neofunctionalization, the de novo acquisition of function by one duplicate, and subfunctionalization, the partitioning of ancestral functions between gene duplicates. With protein interactions as a surrogate for protein fu...