BACKGROUND Smokers show increased brain activation in reward processing regions in response to smoking-related cues, yet few studies have examined secondary rewards not associated with smoking (i.e., money). Inconsistencies exist in the studies that do examine secondary rewards with some studies showing increased brain activation in reward processing brain regions, while others show decreased a...

This study aims to determine the effect of peer teaching methods and provision reward punishment on learning motivation in economics subjects class XI IPS SMA Negeri 4 Malang. type research is explanatory research, which explains influence between independent dependent variables. The population this were all students Social Sciences at Malang, totaling 100 remaining, divided into 3 classes. Sam...

BACKGROUND Inflammation rapidly impairs mood and cognition and, when severe, can appear indistinguishable from major depression. These sickness responses are characterized by an acute reorientation of motivational state; pleasurable activities are avoided, and sensitivity to negative stimuli is enhanced. However, it remains unclear how these rapid shifts in behavior are mediated within the brai...

This paper identifies a new source of differences in religiosity: the type future tense marking language. We argue that rewards and punishments incentivise religious behaviour are more effective for speakers languages without inflectional tense. Consistent with this prediction, we show likely to be take up short-term costs associated religiosity. What is drive behaviour, according our results, ...

This study aims to determine the effect of giving rewards, punishments on performance civil servants in area affected by Serang Panimbang Toll Gate
 Quantitative method with descriptive analysis research is used this study, sample taken using random sampling 50 people. The respondents are Civil Servants Affected Area Serang-Panimbang Gate.
 statistical SPSSv 25. results data processin...

The most common heuristic used in economics is not coincidentally entitled the 'prisoner's dilemma'. Several classical economists saw in the social phenomena of crime and punishment an obvious demonstration of the principles of economics. Through changes in the criminal justice system society could deter criminals, thus ridding itself of the baneful costs of crime. Adam Smith (1762) explained t...

This study aims to determine the effect of giving rewards and punishments resilience children TK Negeri Pembina Kabanjahe TA. 2020/2021. The research method is a quantitative descriptive correlational type by placing variables in two groups, namely independent variable dependent variable. population State Kindergarten. sampling technique used was Saturated Sampling with selected sample size 30 ...

disproportionate punishments are punishments passed or enforced without considering the criteria of proportionality, namely the criteria of harm done, the absolute or relative seriousness of crimes, the kind of committed crime and offender characteristics, the degree and kind of victim culpability. considering the penological aims, such as retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence and securing so...