Spatial scientific research has increasingly become multidisciplinary. The need for different disciplines to share thematic knowledge and information has increased. However, not many Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) have succeeded in facilitating the needs of these multidisciplinary research communities. This article provides a methodological framework for the development of a user-centric S...

Let G be an abelian group with identity e. R a graded multiplicative hyperring and ? : Igr(R) expansion function of Igr(R), where is the set all hyperideals R. In this paper, we introduce study concepts ?-primary 2-absorbing which are extended classes prime 2- absorbing R, respectively. Moreover, give basic properties these new types investigate relations among structures.

This work proposes an architectural style, a pattern, for SDIs. This style provides a tool and a shared vocabulary to help system architects to design these infrastructures, and facilitates the exchange of knowledge about them. This style is defined under the component-andconnector architectural viewtype, extending the client-server and shared-data styles. The style has been created after analy...

We developed the standard digital images (SDIs) to be used in the classification and recognition of pneumoconiosis. From July 3, 2006 through August 31, 2007, 531 retired male workers exposed to inorganic dust were examined by digital (DR) and analog radiography (AR) on the same day, after being approved by our institutional review board and obtaining informed consent from all participants. All...

Background: Often combined with other traditional and non-traditional types of data, geospatial sensing data have a crucial role in public health studies. We conducted systematic narrative review to broaden our understanding the usage big sensing, ancillary related spatial infrastructures Methods: English-written, original research articles published during last ten years were examined using th...

$!!!!$ In this paper, the notion of fuzzy $!$ Krasner $!(m, n)$-hyperrings($!F^{(m, n)}!$-hyperrings) by using the notion of$F^m$-hyperoperations and $F^n$-operations is introduced and somerelated properties are investigated. In this regards,relationships between Krasner $F^{(m, n)}$-hyperrings and Krasner$(m, n)$-hyperrings are considered. We shall prove that everyKrasner $F^{(m, n)}$-hyperrin...

Let $G$ be a monoid with identity $e$. In this paper, first we introduce the notions of $G$-graded hyperrings, graded hyperideals and graded hyperfields in the sense of Krasner hyperring $R$. Also, we define the notion of a greded $R$-hypermodules and some examples are presented. Then we investigate graded maximal, graded prime and graded primary hyperideals of a graded hyperring $R$. Finally, ...

In this paper, we define topological hyperrings and study their basic concepts which supported by illustrative examples. We show some differences between topological rings and topological hyperrings. Also, by the fundamental relation $\Gamma^{*}$, we indicate the role of complete parts (saturated subsets) and complete hyperrings in topological hyperrings and specially we show that if every (clo...

There is a strong hierarchical relationship among different political/administrative levels of SDI concepts. Based on this hierarchical relationship a pyramid of building blocks can be formed by taking a perspective that starts at a local level and proceeds through state, national and regional levels and is completed by developing a Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI). Therefore, it is ar...

Serological differentiation indices (SDIs) based on serum titrations in agar-gel double diffusion tests were determined for all ten definitive tombusviruses known at presen t, namely artichoke mottled crinkle, carnation Italian ringspot, cymbidium ringspot, eggplant mottled crinkle, Moroccan pepper, pelargonium leaf curl, petunia asteroid mosaic, the BS3 and type strains of tomato bushy stunt, ...