On the verge of the Constitutionalist Revolution in Iran, the three social forces existing in the socio-political arena were competing with each other and at the same time, struggling with the Monarchy to increase their share of power: independent intellectuals, traditional followers of religion, and merchants. This rivalry set the scene for a discursive battle in which, each social force was t...

imam khomeini, the leader of the islamic revolution in pointing to the important events of contemporary history of iran i.e coming together of the shi'a clergies & safavid state, tobacco uprising, constitutional revolution, reza shah era, movement of nationalization of oil industry, 15th khordad uprising (1963) and so on – has noticed to the actual and positive role of the clergies in main...

in this study, one basic question will be answered: why were women officially considered being the subject of policy making decisions in reza khan era? the answer should be found in the particular logic of the discourse of that time which was “archeological nationalism”. the discourse is based on racist theory and understands social and cultural issues on the same basis. during the gap emerged ...

Faced with large-scale food insecurity in the mid-twentieth century, India adopted innovative agricultural technologies as part of the Green Revolution. While these technologies expanded agricultural productivity, this paper argues that the program was a disruptive force to Indian social, economic, and political systems, specifically in the rural setting. An analysis of outcomes of the Green Re...

We saw above the substantial increase in output per person that occurred in Britain in the Industrial Revolution, and the rapid spread of the new techniques of the Industrial Revolution to other countries in Western Europe in the mid-nineteenth century. We also saw in Figure 1 in chapter 6 that the increase in output led to at least modest gains in real wages by the 1840s. Yet one of the most a...

Doctor Shoja-ad-Din Sheikholeslamzadeh (also known as Dr. Sheikh) (1931-2014) was an outstanding orthopedic surgeon. He is credited for the establishment of the Iranian Association of Rehabilitation, Shafa Yahyaian Hospital as an Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Center, the Social Welfare Organization, Iran’s emergency dispatch center (115) and many other major projects that led to the upgrading o...

The paper argues that the current implementation of digital publishing is a minor step in a long development of digital text cycles. Rather than being a revolution, the digital transformation of text is an evolutionary process heavily influenced by social and cultural factors. The paper introduces the concept of a "text cycle". An examination of basic features of paper-based text cycles and fea...