Crop performance in rainfed cropping systems generally is dependent on rainfall amount and distribution. The objective of this study was to analyze the long-term consequences of rainfall expressed as a standardized precipitation index (SPI) and fertilizer nitrogen (N) on yields and risk probabilities of maize in the udic-ustic moisture regimes in the Great Plains in Nebraska. The SPI is a preci...

PURPOSE To assess the electromechanical properties of human knee articular cartilage with compression-induced streaming potentials for reliability among users and correlation with macroscopic and histological evaluation tools and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content. METHODS Streaming potentials are induced in cartilage in response to loading when mobile positive ions in the interstitial...

Each year, droughts cause significant economic and agricultural losses across the world. The early warning and onset detection of drought is of particular importance for effective agriculture and water resource management. Previous studies show that the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), a measure of precipitation deficit, detects drought onset earlier than other indicators. Here we show that ...

Comparability analyses are performed to investigate similarities/differences of the standard precipitation index (SPI) and the reconnaissance drought index (RDI), respectively, utilizing precipitation and ratio of precipitation over potential evapotranspiration (ET0). Data are from six synoptic stations in south Khorasan province in Iran.At the first for calculating SPI, the elevation-precipita...

Drought assessment and trend analysis of precipitation temperature time series are essential in the planning management water resources. Long-term historical records (monthly for 41 years, from 1980 to 2020) used investigate annual drought characteristics Somalia’s northern region. Six indices normal Standardized Precipitation Index (normal-SPI), log (log-SPI), using gamma distribution (Gamma-S...

Cost and schedule measures are the most important support activities for the success of a project; it provides the basis for process improvement and project management. This paper reports practical experiences on using EVM (Earned Value Management) and SPC(Statistical Process Control) in cost/ schedule measure. The analysis of experience data indicates the distributions of CPI(Cost Performance ...

Software Process Improvement (SPI) methodology is defined as definitions of sequence of tasks, tools and techniques to be performed to plan and implement improvement activities. Well-known SPI frameworks like CMMI and ISO/IEC 15504 define SPI methodologies in an abstract manner. We developed an SPI methodology, BG-SPI, providing a ready-to-use SPI scheme with guidance on an iterative SPI lifecy...

The Standardized Precipitation Index SPI-3, associated with three months of rainfall accumulation, is a drought index for detecting immediate impacts. two-parameter gamma distribution, recommended by the World Meteorological Organization as underlying distribution estimating SPI, has shown limits in semi-arid and arid conditions respect to normality test resulting SPI series. Our purpose was ev...