The paper presents a model of educational production which tries to make sense of recent evidence on effects of institutional arrangements on student performance. In a simple principal-agent framework, students choose their learning effort to maximize their net benefits, while the government chooses educational spending to maximize its net benefits. In the jointly determined equilibrium, school...

learner autonomy has become the area of interest by many researchers of foreign language learning in the recent years. however, few studies have been done concerning the case of kurdish learners` autonomy in learning languages. for this reason, the current study addresses this gap. it intends to investigate to what extent kurdish learners are autonomous in learning english language. the study i...

the salient, and often ignored, role that out-of-class learning plays in second/foreign language (l2) learners’ development is overshadowed by classroom research. the main aim of this study is to problematize the role of out-of-class learning in the specific english-as-foreign-language (efl) context of iran by examination of the ways in which four learners attempted to revamp their english lang...

in the process of english learning, each learner has his/her own attitude towards learning. in this path, s/he should feel free to be responsible for what s/he wants and seeks to learn which shows how autonomous the learner is. this study is based on the hypotheses that there is a relationship between what the learner feels towards english language learning and his/her level of autonomy. for th...

Based on the survey data of 364 peasant households in Yibin, Sichuan, this paper analyzes the farmer’s willingness to small forest tenure mortgage loans. The result indicates a high willingness up to 74.2%, i.e. the farmers are willing to invest forest tenure mortgage loans into forestry and agricultural production. The influential factors on farmer’s willingness to small forest tenure mortgage...

Beginning with the proposition that the western medical tradition of emphasizing patient autonomy undermines a patient’s ability to limit his or her role in medical decision-making, the author of this student note proposes a model of informed waiver to counterbalance the perceived legal bias towards informed consent. Part I explains the western notion of patient autonomy in two distinct ways: f...

BACKGROUND Obstetric fistula is a childbirth injury caused by prolonged obstructed labor that results in destruction of the tissue wall between the vagina and bladder. Although obstetric fistula is directly caused by prolonged obstructed labor, many other factors indirectly increase fistula risk. Some research suggests that many women in rural Malawi have limited autonomy and decision-making po...