the main concern of this study was communication strategies (css) which are used to compensate for communication breakdown. the goals of this study were to examine whether proficiency level of iranian students had any relationship with their choice of css. this research was descriptive in nature. the participants were 15 pre-intermediate and 14 intermediate efl learners between 16 to 21years ol...

Abstract This paper examined lag effects in the learning of second language (L2) grammar. Moreover, following Desirable Difficulty Framework for L2 practice, present study investigated whether could be explained by other sources difficulty. Using digital flashcards, 117 English learners (aged 10–18) learned two grammatical structures over different sessions at a 1-day or 7-day intersession inte...

It remains to be elucidated how cortical activations are modulated by factors of age, proficiency, and language task demands when mastering first language (L1) and a second language (L2). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested subjects aged 13 (the age 13 group) and 19 (the age 19 group), thereby comparing the cortical activations involved in past-tense verb identification with ...

Abstract The aim of this study was to find the appropriate type of translation of English brand names Iranian consumers prefer, i.e. phonetic, semantic and phonosemantic types of translation. Also, it was aimed at examining the type of font size Iranian consumers tends to see on packages of English products. To this end, the distinction between male and female participants as well as the partic...

The interactions of concepts and problem-solving techniques needed to solve open-ended proof problems are varied, making it difficult to select problems that improve individual student performance. We have developed a system of datadriven ordered problem selection for Deep Thought, a logic proof tutor. The problem selection system presents problem sets of expert-determined higher or lower diffi...