The association between thyroid cancer and thyroid inflammation has been repeatedly reported and highly debated in the literature. In fact, both molecular and epidemiological data suggest that these diseases are closely related and this association reinforces that the immune system is important for thyroid cancer progression. Innate immunity is the first line of defensive response. Unlike innat...

Objectives: To determine the occurrence and severity of thyroid eye disease regarding function in patients with autoimmune (AITD).
 Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
 Place Duration Study: Endocrinology Clinics, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC) Medicell Institute Diabetes & Metabolism (MIDEM) Karachi Pakistan, from Jan to Dec 2020.
 Methodology: Patients AITD or p...

Immune responses by innate and adaptive immune cells are crucial for the suppression of carcinogenesis and tumor spread. Effector T cells such as, cytotoxic CD8(+) T (CTL), natural killer (NK), and NK T cells (NKT cells) prevent tumor growth by their ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. To circumvent anti-tumor immunity, tumors commonly attract regulatory T cells (Treg), which suppress ...

PURPOSE To evaluate the rate and pattern of new-onset diplopia after inferior-medial wall orbital decompression in thyroid-related orbitopathy (TRO) patients. METHODS Medical records of TRO patients who underwent orbital floor and medial wall decompression at the Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center between 1/1986 and 12/2007 were reviewed and analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES pri...

PURPOSE To evaluate the outcome of eyelid retraction surgery in thyroid-related orbitopathy (TRO) patients in 2 different surgical settings: done simultaneously with orbital decompression or as a staged procedure after orbital decompression. DESIGN Retrospective, comparative, nonrandomized clinical study. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-six patients (158 eyes). METHODS A review of electronic medical ...

The diagnosis of Graves' orbitopathy is usually straightforward. However, orbital diseases that mimick some clinical signs of Graves' orbitopathy may cause diagnostic confusion, particularly when associated to some form of thyroid dysfunction. This report describes the rare occurrence of localized inferior rectus muscle amyloidosis in a patient with autoimmune hypothyroidism, who was misdiagnos...

Immune responses against thyroid carcinomas have long been demonstrated and associations between inflammatory microenvironment and thyroid carcinomas repeatedly reported. This scenario has prompted scientists throughout the world to unveil how the inflammatory microenvironment is established in thyroid tumors and what is its influence on the outcome of patients with thyroid carcinoma. Many stud...

Two patients, previously diagnosed and treated for euthyroid, autoantibody-negative thyroid eye disease, presented with active orbitopathy. An atypical disease course and presentation prompted orbital biopsy. Extraocular muscle histopathology demonstrated noncaseating granulomatous inflammation consistent with presumed orbital sarcoidosis involving multiple extraocular muscles, including the in...

Idiopathic orbital pseudotumor is a benign, noninfectious, and nonneoplastic disease with unknown cause. It is the third most common orbital disease after thyroid orbitopathy and lymphoproliferative disorder. Idiopathic orbital pseudotumor is extremely rare in pediatric age group and may cause real diagnostic problems. This paper describes a 4-year-old girl who presented with sudden ptosis in t...